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The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Latin Roman Catholic Church during the High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages. In 1095 Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to holy places in and near Jerusalem.
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The cultural rebirth based on the rediscovery of the literature and art. The renaissance was spread through trade of art, literature, artists and scholars.
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The Mona Lisa is a half-length portrait of a woman by Leonardo da Vinci. Which has been acclaimed as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world."
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The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history. Resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people.
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The Ming dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years.The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history," was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese.
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Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the huge fleet and armed forces. Zheng He's fleets visited Brunei, Thailand and Southeast Asia, India, the Horn of Africa, and Arabia, dispensing and receiving goods along the way.
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Joan began hearing "voices" of three Christian saints—St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. Her most serious crime, according to the tribunal, was her rejection of church authority in favor of direct inspiration from God. After refusing to submit to the church, her sentence was read on May 24: She was to be turned over to secular authorities and executed. Reacting with horror to the pronouncement, Joan agreed to recant and was condemned instead to perpetual imprisonment.
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The Fall of Constantinople was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire, which occurred after a siege by the Ottoman Empire. Under the command of Sultan Mehmed II, against the defending army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI.
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It positioned the Sun near the center of the Universe, motionless. Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds.
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Created the first printing press. First book published was the bible.
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He needed someone to fund his voyage, so he went to the king of Portugal, John II, who immediately declined. Columbus turned then to queen Isabella of Spain who reluctantly funded him.
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Believed to be theifs and liars, Jews, Gypsies and Moores were all kicked out of Spain. If they didn't leave they would be executed.
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He was the first European to reach India by sea. Linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route.
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Slaves were suggested by a priest instead of Native American workers. Shipped in the worst conditions like cargo to America just to work for free.
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Was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Persia. Is often considered the beginning of modern Persian history.
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The New World is one of the names used for the Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas. The term originated in the early 16th century after Europeans made landfall in what would later be called "the Americas".
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The Sistine Chapel ceiling, painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. Full of biblical scenes.
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Widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially nepotism, simony, usury, pluralism, and the sale of indulgences.
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Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean. He was also the first to cross the Pacific Ocean.
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Self-designated as Gurkani. Extending over large parts of the Indian subcontinent and ruled by a dynasty of Chagatai-Turkic origin.
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It began in the sixth century in England, when Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine to Britain to bring a more disciplined Apostolic succession to the Celtic Christians. The Anglican Church evolved as part of the Roman church, but the Celtic influence was folded back into the Roman portion of the church in many ways, perhaps most notably by Charlemagne's tutor Aidan. The Anglican church was spread worldwide first by English colonization and then by English-speaking missionaries.
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168 Spanish soldiers under Francisco Pizarro and their native allies captured the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region as the Viceroyalty of Peru.
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Was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.
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In 1682 Peter was proclaimed Tsar at the tender age of 10. But due to power struggles between different political forces in the country, the young Tsar was forced to rule jointly with his brother Ivan, under the patronage of their sister Sofia.
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During his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. The expression "The empire on which the sun never sets" was coined during Philip's time to reflect the extent of his possessions.
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The childless Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII by second wife, Anne Boleyn, who was executed two and a half years after Elizabeth's birth.
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Was a cultural movement of intellectuals in Western Europe emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It spread across Europe and to the United States.
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The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. Jamestown served as the capital of the colony for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699.
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Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661 after the death of his chief minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a major country in European history.
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The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who form the majority of the Chinese population, but by a semi-sedentary people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. What was to become the Manchu state was founded by Nurhaci, the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe – the Aisin Gioro – in Jianzhou in the early 17th century.
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His 1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory. Which became the foundation of most later Western political philosophy.
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Oliver was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. Invited by his fellow leaders to rule as Lord Protector of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
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Most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 9 July 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67. Her reign was called Russia's golden age.
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When a bill of rights was proposed in Congress in 1789, North Carolina ratified the Constitution. Finally, Rhode Island, which had rejected the Constitution in March 1788 by popular referendum, called a ratifying convention in 1790 as specified by the Constitutional Convention.
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Was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that profoundly affected French and modern history, marking the decline of powerful monarchies and churches and the rise of democracy and nationalism. Popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and aristocracy grew amidst a financial crisis following two expensive wars and years of bad harvests, motivating demands for change.
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Was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution. Incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".
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After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d’état, he was given the title of first consul and became France’s leading political figure. In 1804, he crowned himself the emperor of France in a lavish ceremony.
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The Battle of Waterloo, which took place in Belgium, marked the final defeat of French military leader and emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Who conquered much of continental Europe in the early 19th century.
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apan ended its isolationist foreign policy called sakoku and modernized from a feudal shogunate to the Meiji government. It is at the end of the Edo period and preceded the Meiji era.
