-
Neoclassicism was a reaction against the pomposity of Rococo. This was the Age of the Enlightenment and political, social and cultural revolution were in the air. Artists needed a serious art for serious times and once again they looked back to the art of Antiquity as their model.
-
Romanticism valued the expression of emotion over the control of Classicism. This was achieved through spectacular painting technique and the choice of emotive and sensual subjects which often commemorated dramatic contemporary and historical events. In France, Delacroix and Géricault were the pioneers of Romanticism; in England, it was Turner and Constable; in Germany, Caspar David Friedrich and in Spain, Goya.
-
-
-
-
Realism was a French style of painting that focused on the everyday reality of a subject, warts and all. Realist artists such as Millet, Corot, Courbet and Manet reacted against the heightened emotions of Romanticism. They sought an objective truth that reflected the social realities of the common man in his natural environment. Realism was also inspired by a new exploration of 'visual reality' that followed the invention of photography around 1840.
-
-
-
-
he Pre-Raphaelites were a brotherhood of young English artists who created artworks that were a blend of Realism and Symbolism. Dissatisfied with the art of their own time they rebelled against the 'Grand Manner', the artificial Mannerist tradition that stretched back to Raphael. They drew inspiration from the Early Renaissance (before Raphael), when artists explored the ideal of 'truth to nature'.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1880S-1890S
-
-
THE POINTILIST NEO-IMPRESSIONIST ARTIST GEORGE SURAT CREATES SUNDAY AFTERNOON ON "THE ISLAND OF LA GRANDE JATTE" EMPLOYING THE OPTICAL COLOUR-THEORY OF DIVISIONISM
-
- VASE WITH TWELVE SUNFLOWERS, 1888 -WHEATFIELD WITH CROWDS, 1890 -STARRY NIGHT, 1889
-
-HIGH POINT OF GAUGUIN'S SYNTHETISM AND EMILE BERNARD'S CLOISONNISM.
-IN AUSTRALIA, THE HEILDELBERG SCHOOL OF AUSTRALIAN IMPRESSIONISM FLOURISHES.
-IN AMERICA, THE LATEST 19TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE SAW "SKYSCRAPERS" BY THE CHICAGO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, 1880-1910
-VENICE BIENNALE OPENS, 1895 -
-
-
-
1890s-1900s
-
TWO ART AND DESIGN MOVEMENTS WHICH SOUGHT TO BREAK AWAY FROM THE TRADITIONS OF THE OFFICIAL ACADEMIES.THEY ALSO SOUGHT TO UNITE THE FINE ARTS OF PAINTING AND SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE WITH THE APPLIED ARTS OF DESIGN AND DECORATION.
THEIR EXHIBITIONS CAUSED GREAT CONTROVERSY.
-ART NOVEAU AFFECTED FINE ART, ARCHITECTURE, FURNITURE, JEWELLERY ART AND GLASS.
-THE FIRST OF THE SECESSION MOVEMENTS WAS THE MUNICH SECESSION IN 1892;FOLLOWED BY THE VIENNA SECESSION IN 1897 AND THE BERLIN SECESSION,1898 -
-
CARACTERIZED BY HIS BLUE PERIOD(1901-1904), ROSE PERIOD(1905-1907), AFRICAN PERIOD(1907). DURING THE LATER, HE CREATED "LES DEMOISELLES D'AVIGNON", A LANDMARK PAINTING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN ART WHICH SIGNALLED A RADICAL DEPARTURE FROM THE ARTISTIC IDEAS OF THE PRECEDING AND HERALDED THE COMING OF A NEW ARTISTIC MOVEMENT, CUBISM, AS WELL AS THE BIRTH OF MODERN ABSTRACT ART.
-
THE EXPRESSIONIST ART/SCHOOL STYLE BEGINS WITH VAN GOGH, INCLUDES EDVARD MUNCH AND THE FRENCH FAUVISM MOVEMENT 1898-1908, LED BY HENRI MATISSE; ALSO THE PARISIAN/ITALIAN PAINTER AMEDEO MODIGLIANI.
GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM, A MAJOR OFF SHOOT INCLUDED "THE BRIDGE" FOUNDED BY KARL SCHMIDT-ROTTLUFF AND ERNST LUDWIG KIRCHNER, WAS AN INFLUENTIAL EXPRESSIONIST GROUP BASED IN DRESDEN.
"THE BLUE RIDER" 1909-1914 EXPRESSIONIST GROUP WAS FORMED IN MUNICH, THE HOME OF THE AVANT-GARDE NEUE KUNSTLER VEREININGUNG -
IT COMPRISED A SMALL NUMBER OF PAINTERS WHO CHRONICLED EVERYDAY LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY DURING THE PRE-WAR PERIOD, PRODUCING REALISTIC AND UNVARNISHED PICTURES AND ETCHINGS OF URBAN STREETSCAPES AND GENRE SCENES
-
THE REVOLUTIONARY ART MOVEMENT CALLED CUBISM, (OVERTUNING IDEAS OF PERSPECTIVE AND CONVENTIONAL FORM) WHICH EMERGES IN 3 STAGES:
-PROTOTYPE CUBISM (1908-1909)
-ANALYTICAL CUBISM (1909-1912)
-SYNTHETIC CUBISM (1912-1919) -
FUTURISM PROMOTED WORSHIP OF MACHINERY AND MODERNITY
-
FOUNDED BY FRENCH ARTIST ROBERT DELAUNEY, WHICH EXPLORED THE COLOUR PHENOMENA SEEN IN NATURE
-
IT WAS A RUSSIAN STYLE OF PAINTING DOMINATED BY PICTORIALIZED "RAYS OF LIGHT", INVENTED BY MIKHAIL LARIONOV
-
-
IT WAS THE FIRST UK STYLE TO EMBRACE CUBIST IDEAS
-
IT WAS A RUSSIAN ABSTRACT ART MOVEMENT LED BY NATALIE GONCHAROVA AND KASIMIR MALEVICH.
-
THE CHAOS OF WORLD WAR I AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (1917) SHATTER MANY CONVENTIONAL IDEAS IN THE WORLD OF PAINTING AND SCULPTURE, LEADING TO NUMEROUS AVANT-GARDE MOVEMENTS:
-FUTURISM
-ORPHISM
-RAYONISM
-VORTICISM
-DADA
-SUPREMATISM
-CONSTRUCTIVISM
-THE BAUHAUS DESIGN SCHOOL
-DE STIJL -
IT USED BANAL IMAGERY TO SHOCK
-
IT WAS A RUSSIAN AVANT-GARDE ARCHITECTURAL ART STYLE
-
THE INFLUENTIAL DUTCH SCHOOL OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN LED BY THEO VAN DOESBURG AND PIET MONDRIAN, ALSO KNOWN AS NEO-PLASTICISM.
THE BAUHAUS APPROACH TO ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN WAS INTRODUCED TO AMERICAN ARCHITECTHS BY MIES VAN DER ROHE, WITH GREAT SUCCES. -
IT WAS FOUNDED BY WALTER GROPIUS (1883-1969)
-
IN AMERICA, THE ERA OF NEW REALISM, AS PERSONNIFIED BY EDWARD HOPPER (1882-1967). IN ADDITION, ANOTHER STYLE KNOWN AS SOCIAL REALISM PORTRAYS THE EVERYDAY HARDSHIPS OF THE DEPRESSION ERA. BEST KNOWN SOCIAL REALISTS INCLUDES BEN SHABN, JACK LEVINE AND JACOB LAWRENCE: ALL STRONGLY INFLUECED BY THE EARLIER ASHCAN SCHOOL OF NEW YORK CITY.
-
HIGH POINT OF ART DECO, A STYLE OF DESIGN FOR FURNITURE, JEWELLERY, TEXTILES AND INTERIOR DECOR
-
IN EUROPE, THE ERA OF SURREALISM: A MOVEMENT EMERGING OUT OF CUBISM, DADA, FREUD AND COMMUNIST PHILOSOPHY, WHICH AIMED TO FUCE THE CONSCIOUS WITH THE UNCONSCIOUS TO CREATE A SUPER REALITY LED BY ANDRE BRETON, ITS MAJOR EXPONENTS WERE SALVADOR DALI, JOAN MIRO AND RENE MAGRITTE. A PARALLEL ART MOVEMENT TO SURREALISM WAS MAGIC REALISM, WHOSE PAINTINGS ARE ANCHORED EVERYDAY REALITY, BUT WITH OVERTONES OF FANTASY.
-
IT WAS A FORM OF PUBLIC PROPAGANDA ART INSTITUTED BY JOSEPH STALING DURING THE ERA OF FORCED INDUSTRIALIZATION IN SOVIET RUSSIA.
-
-
NEW YORK SUPERCEDES PARIS AS THE CENTRE OF ART, ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM EMERGES AS THE DOMINANT NEW STYLE. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONIST PAINTINGS INCLUDES GESTURALISTS LIKE JACKSON POLLOCK, LEE KRASNER AND WILLEM DE KOONING, AND COLOUR-FIELD PAINTERS SUCH AS MARK ROTHKO AND CLYFFORD STILL.
IN EUROPE, THIS TYPE OF NEO-EXPRESSIONISM FOCUSED ON THE ISOLATION OF MAN AS DO THE WORKS OF GIACOMETTI AND FRANCIS BACON.
SPATIALISM ALSO APPEARED, PREFACING LATER PERFORMANCE AND LAND WORKS. -
THE ERA OF POP ART, CHAMPIONED BY ANDY WARHOL, ROY LICHTENSTEIN, JASPER JOHNS AND ROBERT RAUSCHENBURG. POP ARTISTS EMPLOY CONTEMPORARY ICONIC IMAGES IN AN ANTI-ART APPROACH, GIVING COMMONPLACE ARTICLES ARTISTIC STATUS.
THE 60s WITNESSES THE RISE OF PHOTO-REALISM, A FORM OF METICULOUS PHOT-LIKE REALISM, CHAMPIONES BY RICHARD ESTES AND CHICK CLOSE.
MINIMALISM EMERGES DURING THE 1960s, AS DOES BRITISH CONTEMPORARY PAINTING. -
MODERNISM BECOMES SUPERCEDED BY WHAT ART-HISTORIANS LIKE TO CALL "POST-MODERNISM", WHICH REPRESEMTS THE TRIUMPH OF STYLE OVER SUBSTANCE. POST-MODERNISM ART TYPICALLY EMPLOYS NEW MEDIA AND MATERIALS, STRESSES THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION FROM ARTIST TO AUDIENCE AND SEEKS TO RENEW THE BIG QUESTION : WHAT IS ART? MUCH OF THIS IS REFLECTED IN CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS SUCH AS CONCEPTUAL ART, INSTALLATIONS, VIDEO ART, PERFORMANCE AND HAPPENINGS.
-
GROWTH OF DIGITAL ART, SUCH AS GICLEE PRINTS. GENERAL EXPANSION OF COMPUTER ART. CHINESE COLLECTORS BECOME MUCH MORE ACTIVE AS CHINA BECOMES AN ECONOMIC SUPERPOWER.
-
GARÇON A LA PIPE (1905) BY PABLO PICASSO IT'S SOLD FOR $104.2 MILLION, MAKING IT THE HIGHEST PRICED PAINTING EVER SOLD AT AUCTION.
-
TRIPTYCH (1976) BY FRANCIS BACON SELLS AT SOTHEBY'S NEW YORK FOR $86.3 MILLION, BECOMING THE MOST EXPENSIVE POST-WAR WORK OF ART SOLD AT AUCTION, AND THE HIGHEST PRICED WORK BY AN IRISH ARTIST.
-
WHILE PRICES FOR CONTEMPORARY ART PLUMMET, WARHOL'S 1963 SILKSCREEN PRINT "EIGHT ELVISES" SELLS FOR $100 MILLION TO AN ANONYMOUS BUYER.
-
THE SCULPTURE WALKING MAN I BYT ALBERTO GIACOMETTI, SELLS FOR $104.5 MILLION.
-
RHEIN II (1999) A PHOTO BY ANDREAS GURSKY, IS SOLD FOR A WORLD RECORD $4.3 MILLION.
-
PICASSO BECOMES FIRMLY ESTABLISHED AS THE MOST VALUABLE OF ALL 20TH CENTURY PAINTERS WHEN HIS CUBIST PICTURE "LES FEMMES D'ALGER" (1955) SELLS AT CHRISTIE'S NEW YORK FOR $179 MILLION.
