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This was the exchange of ideas, crops, food, and diseases between the New World and the Old World. As settlers came over to the new land and interacted with the Native Americans already living there, both groups began getting sick from being introduced to foreign germs. They were also able to find new crops being farmed on the land and bring them back to the Old World. These exchanges led to the development of new immunities and new developments as the colonies were being built. -
This system was created Great Britain was expanding into the newly discovered land. They offered people 50 acres of land to settle in the colonies. Many poor people came over because of the promise of land for them to farm on and profit off of. This also led to the usage of indentured servitude as wealthy people would pay for the people's voyage in exchange for years of labor. This led to the expansion of the developing country as more people settled on the new land. -
The Navigation Acts were created by Parliament to benefit Great Britain and promote their independence. They controlled the colonies' exports and trading abilities, making sure most of the goods were only sent to England. This led to tension between the colonies and England as well as making it difficult for the colonies to create good relations with other countries. They weren't able to profit because their exports were only going to England. -
This Rebellion, led by Nathaniel Bacon, was started after they were denied Native American land. The group of colonists were angry that the governor was trying to meet the demands of the Native Americans and felt that they should be pushed off the land. Bacon led a group of slaves and indentured servants, making people scared of the alliance between the two groups. This led to the end of indentured servitude in the United States and made the usage of slavery more common. -
The Stono Rebellion was a massive slave revolt that took place in the South. Over 50 slaves rebelled in an attempt to escape to Spanish Florida in hopes of gaining freedom. They were unsuccessful in their attempts to escape and their revolt solidified slavery in the colonies. Rules became stricter and people were more cautious to avoid any more slaves trying to rebel. -
The French and Indian war was a smaller war that was part of the Seven Years War and was fought between the British colonists and the French. Some Indian tribes supported the French and others sided with the British colonists. After a hard battle, the colonists eventually declared victory and the Treaty of Paris (1763) was created and signed. This gave the colonies all of the land from the East coast to the Mississippi River, which expanded their colonies greatly. -
The Declaratory Act declared that Great Britain had the right to tax the colonies in any way they wanted. High taxes were being placed on imported goods and the colonists didn't have a way to avoid these high taxes because they relied heavily on imported goods as they hadn't developed the ability to manufacture their own products yet. This led to more acts, including the Townshend Acts, being imposed on the colonies. -
These acts were imposed to tax the colonists on their imported goods. Some of the goods that were being taxed included glass, tea, paper, and lead. British China and paint were also included in the extremely high taxes. The money from these taxes was used by Parliament to pay the American government to ensure their loyalty to the crown. However, the rest of the colonists were not still losing money from it and they decided to retaliate by boycotting British goods. -
The British troops were stationed in the colonies to enforce British rule and taxation, which upset the colonists. A mob of colonists tormented the British soldiers in Boston until there was a shot heard. This led to the soldiers opening fire, killing 5 people. This was publicized by the colonists as an unprovoked attack by the redcoats, which made more colonists aware of how poorly they were being treated and urged them to fight for their independence. -
The colonists were angry at how they were being treated after the Tea act and formed groups such as the Sons of Liberty to find ways to rebel. They decided to rebel by disguising themselves as Native Americans and sneaking onto British ships. They dumped out what would now be considered $900,000 of tea that had been brought in from the East India Company. This led to Parliament imposing stricter rules on the colonies, such as the Quartering Act and the Intolerable Acts. -
After the Boston Tea Party, Parliament established these acts, also known as the Intolerable Acts, to reinforce their power over the colonies. These acts included closing the port of Boston, taking over the colonial government, assemblies being illegal, and only trying British officials in England. This ensured a biased vote, preventing the colonists from being able to stop British power. This led to the colonists creating the first Continental Congress to protect and defend themselves. -
This was the first battle of the Revolutionary War and ultimately led to the continuation of this war. The British troops were more stronger and more prepared, leading to them defeating the colonial troops. Despite their loss, the battle gave the Continental Army the confidence they needed to continue their fight for independence. They realized that they were capable of winning, permanently ending any chances of the colonies willingly going back to being under British rule. -
This was started after the publication of Thomas Paine's "Common Sense". The colonists felt that the only way to be treated fairly and run the colonies their own way was to declare their independence from Great Britain. There were many conventions held before July of 1776 when Congress approved their declaration. Jefferson, the lead writer of the declaration, convinced people that the British king was not fit to rule and gave the encouragement people needed to fight the war for independence. -
The Battle of Saratoga was a major battle and turning point in the Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne planned to move his troops South to meet with other British troops in hopes of defeating the Continental Army. However, the other troops didn't show up. The Continental Army was able to trap them and force them to surrender. This victory gave the French convincing reasons to support them in their fight for independence as well as being a morale boost for the Continental Army. -
The AOC was the first constitution of the United States, which was agreed upon by all 13 colonies. It determined the functions of the government after they declared their independence. It had many flaws because it was written based on the fears of the colonists, leaving them with no executive branch and no official leader. They also didn't have an army and didn't allow the federal government to tax colonists. The AOC named the country the United States of America. -
The proclamation was made by a British general and encouraged slaves to run away from their rebel masters. He promised that if they escaped, they would become free. There were no conditions and the runaway slaves weren't required to side with the British Army in the war. The slaves saw this as an opportunity to gain a better life and many managed to escape. This did exactly what the British had hoped and left the colonies struggling due to a desperate need for labor and resources during the war. -
General Cornwallis, a British general, led his troops through a tiring campaign through the southern colonies. As it got colder, he brought the troops to Yorktown. Communication wasn't developed well and he hadn't been informed of France defeating the British fleets. When he arrived in Yorktown, he was surrounded by the French in front of them and the Americans closing in behind them. This was the end of the Revolutionary War, leading to the colonies officially declaring their independence. -
The Treaty of Paris (1783) was signed by the United States and Great Britain and was the official end of the Revolutionary War. The treaty required all British troops to leave their posts in the U.S. territory and gave the U.S. all land from the Mississippi River over to the Atlantic Ocean. Great Britain and the U.S. agreed to share control of the Mississippi River. It also established peace between Great Britain and the countries that sided with the colonies in the war, including France. -
An uprising led by Daniel Shays in protest of the high taxes and economic issues. Farmers were falling into debt because of these problems and losing their farms, so the group would take over courthouses to prevent lawful actions from being taken about these debts. This rebellion made it clear that the Articles of Confederation had some major problems. Without an executive branch or a standing army, it was hard to stop the group and made it clear how weak their country was due to the AOC. -
This was a compromise created between the Northern and Southern states when deciding about population counts. There was a disagreement about how slaves should be factored into the population since they weren't citizens and couldn't vote. It was agreed upon that each slave would count as 3/5 of a person, or 3/5 of the slave population would count. This allowed the South to gain more representation because they had so many slaves to factor into the population count. -
The Northwest Ordinance was written as part of the Articles of Confederation to define the process of admitting new states into the Union from the Northwest territories. It declared slavery to be illegal in those territories but allowed states to decide between being a free state or a slave state once they were admitted into the Union. This made it easier for territories to become states and permanently banned slavery in Northern territories before declaring statehood. -
George Washington was elected as the first president of the United States after they declared their independence from Great Britain and decided on a basic style of government. He was extremely popular after his time in the Continental Army and it was a unanimous vote for his presidency. This led to important factors such as the creation of a justice system and the establishment of a presidential cabinet. Washington's presidency set many precedents for future presidents. -
The Bill of Rights was a part of the Constitution, written as they were still developing their country after declaring independence. The Bill of Rights listed the first 10 amendments, the rest of which were added throughout history. This listed the basic rights of all American citizens. It was created by Anti-federalists who feared the power of a large federal government and worried that they would take away their rights. This set the standard for human rights as the country was developing. -
The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney. Its job was to remove seeds from cotton fiber and it worked much faster than people could. This led to cotton becoming an extremely profitable crop in the South, which boosted their economy significantly. While slavery stopped being needed to do that specific task, demand for slaves was still increasing. This was because as the demand for cotton grew, they needed more people to plant it, care for the crops, and pick it. -
These acts gave the president more power over immigrants and unnecessary power throughout the country. This allowed the president to deport anyone who wasn't a citizen or was in the country illegally. It became harder for immigrants to become citizens because the time required to become a citizen was raised from 4 years to 14. This also made it illegal for the press to publish any criticism or false information about the president, which encroached upon the publishers' first amendment rights. -
Jefferson ran against John Adams and Aaron Burr in the 1800 election. Because of Hamilton's dislike for Burr, he sided with Jefferson completely and helped him not only win the election but even become the first Democratic-Republican president. This ended the Federalist era and was the first peaceful exchange of presidential power between two parties. This changed the way politics were handled and brought in new policies, giving a voice to the party that had never held office before. -
The Louisiana Purchase occurred when the U.S. was able to purchase the land from France. The U.S. government initially only wanted to purchase New Orleans but the French refused to sell the territory unless they bought all of the land around it as well. This created a debate about if the U.S. representative had the constitutional authority to make the decision but he eventually went through with the purchase. This doubled the size of their country and allowed for further westward expansion. -
This case came about after Madison found a letter granting Marbury federal judgeship and Jefferson told him not to deliver it. Marbury found out and sued for the role he believed was rightfully his. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Madison after declaring part of the Judiciary Act unconstitutional. This was significant as it established the court's power of judicial review. This would allow the Supreme Court to declare laws void if they are deemed unconstitutional.
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This occurred when Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state but people worried it would throw off the balance between free and slave states. They ended up allowing it and having Maine join as a free state. This led to a line being created across the United States to divide free and slave states. This determined that all territories North of the line had to be free and all Southern states would allow slavery, preventing further issues about which states joined as free or slave states. -
The election was between Adams and Jackson, neither of which gained the majority of the electoral vote needed to be declared the official winner. The House of Representatives ended up choosing the winner and Clay, the Speaker of the House, made a deal with Adams. Jackson had more votes in the election and was expected to win but Clay convinced the House to make Adams president in exchange for Clay becoming the Secretary of State. This strengthened the power of the executive branch significantly. -
This tariff was given the name Tariff of Abominations by the Southern colonies because of how it negatively impacted them. The high tariff was designed the benefit the Northern economy but left the Southerners struggling. It raised the cost of living in the South and South Carolina declared it null and void in their state. This led to states no longer being allowed to declare federal laws null and void and South Carolina threatening to secede. -
This act was created to give the president more power over the Native Americans and their land. It allowed the president to force the Native Americans off of their land. They were forced out of their homes and to the Trail of Tears in order to push them onto the new land out West. This made westward expansion easier but hurt the government's relationship with the Natives. -
This case came about after the Cherokee attempted to sue Georgia for imposing their state laws over the Native Americans living on that land despite Native Americans not being considered citizens of the U.S. The Supreme Court declared that they were a dependant nation and reserved the right to self-govern. This prevented Georgia from extending its laws over the Native Americans and helped to define the relationship between the Native Americans and the state government. -
Nat Turner was a slave in Virginia who felt that God was calling him to lead slaves to freedom. He led a group of slaves in a rebellion, hoping to gain freedom for them all or at least change the way they were treated by their masters. This ended up being one of the biggest slave rebellions in American history. His revolt was not successful and ended up changing the way slaves were treated for the worse. Stricter rules and slave codes were imposed to prevent further rebellion. -
This case came about when a slave (Dred Scott)'s owner died and he claimed that he was now free because they lived in a free state. The owner's family disagreed and the Supreme Court ruled that he wasn't a free man because he wasn't a citizen and only citizens were required to remain free. This went against the Missouri Compromise and changed the way free states and slave states were viewed but was eventually nullified because of the 14th amendment. -
Secession began after President Lincoln was elected as president. The Southern states were upset that he was elected because they felt they had lost their voice and representation in the government and were losing their power. They feared for their rights, especially rights regarding slavery. SC was the first to declare that they were separating from the country. This led to many other Southern states seceding as well and ended up leading to the Civil War as they tried to maintain independence. -
The Battle of Fort Sumter was started after Lincoln was elected and announced that he planned to send more supplies over to the military fort. Confederate leaders ordered an attack on Fort Sumter, which was launched soon after. These were the first shots exchanged between the North and the South. It created the final divide between the Union and the Confederacy and finalized the idea of a necessary separation between the two territories. This was the beginning of the Civil War. -
This proclamation, made by President Lincoln, declared all slaves to be free in the South. This was intended to end slavery in the slave states to bring the U.S. one step closer to complete abolition. However, the proclamation was only for the South and slavery was still legal in the border states as well as Northern states. All slaves in states under Union control were still not free. The South would be allowed to have slaves again if they returned to the Union. -
This battle occurred after the Confederates invaded the Union. The Union was stationed on higher grounds and had the advantage of fighting on their own land. Their resources were closer to them and they were more prepared with better equipment which led to their victory. This victory was a major turning point in the Civil war as the Confederate troops were forced to retreat. The Confederacy was prevented from attempting to invade the North again, pointing to an overall victory for the Union. -
This bill was passed by Congress in opposition to the 10% plan. The bill laid out more strict requirements for states to rejoin the Union. While the 10% plan only required that only 10% of voters from each state take an oath, the Wade David Bill required that 50% of the state's voters take a loyalty oath to the Union. It also required all states to guarantee black suffrage. This bill stirred a lot of debate over which plan would be most beneficial but was ultimately ended by Lincoln's veto. -
The Sand Creek Massacre was the massacre of hundreds of Native Americans over a fight for land in the West. The U.S. military attacked the village of the Cheyenne and Arapaho in Colorado. Nearly 2/3 of the people killed were women and children. This massacre had a major impact on the relationship between the Native Americans and the American government. There was a lot of tension and the realization that peace between the two groups was not in the near future. -
These codes were extremely similar to slave codes, mostly the same but more hidden to make it legal under the 13th amendment. These laws were created in the South to maintain a sense of control over slaves and limit their freedom. This ensured that slaves could continue to be used for cheap labor and often was used to force them into strict labor contracts with employers. African Americans were unable to avoid these laws because the laws abided by the amendments and were technically allowed. -
This amendment abolished slavery completely as well as banning any other form of involuntary servitude aside from legal punishments for crimes. This amendment brought black people into society as workers, which led to an increase in wage workers. This made it harder for white wage workers to get jobs because black people were willing to work for cheaper. The amendment got a lot of backlash and many white supremacist hate groups were formed, mainly in the South. -
General Grant gained control of the railroads in Petersburg, pushing Lee's troops back. Grant was able to cut off Lee's escape route as well, leaving him trapped and defenseless. One troop of colonists distracted him while other troops moved to cut him off from other possible escape routes. The Confederate army reached Appottamox and finally surrendered. This surrender ended the Civil War and began the process of bringing the seceded states back into the Union. -
This act divided the Confederacy into 5 military districts. It set conditions that states must meet in order for them to rejoin the Union. States were allowed to rewrite their constitution but had to include the 15th amendment. Former Confederate leaders were to be stripped of their right to vote. The military was required to register all eligible voters and ensure that all state constitutions included black suffrage. This act was vetoed by the president but his veto was overridden by Congress. -
This amendment extended the offer of citizenship beyond white colonists. It declared that anyone born in the U.S. could become a citizen, regardless of race or history of servitude, as well as anyone who had been naturalized in the U.S. This not only provided former slaves with citizenship but also gave them the same rights and protections as others. They had been denied any legal rights for a long time and this amendment was now providing them with complete equality in the eyes of the law. -
This amendment declared that all male citizens had the right to vote in U.S. elections. This was important as it was the first time that black men were given the right to vote. This amendment declared that they could not be denied this right for any reason, including race or history of servitude. This increased voting numbers and allowed black men to run for office. This also led to an increase in women suffrage groups as they were still being denied their right to vote. -
After the 14th and 15th amendments were put in place, Southerners were very upset and started forming violent hate groups to attack African Americans and northern abolitionists. These white supremacist groups became such a problem that these acts had to be put in place. The series of acts were created to ban these groups and end violence against black people. It also allowed the use of military force to protect these people and their rights given by the 14th and 15th amendments. -
America switched to the gold system, despite many people pushing for free silver instead. This law meant that all currency had a value equal to a set amount of gold. This helped control inflation in the economy and allowed all forms of money to be traded for gold. This made it significantly easier to trade with other countries because they could use the same form of currency. This increased trade and boosted the economy. -
This case went to the Supreme Court after Illinois attempted to limit how much private companies were able to charge for the process of warehousing and transporting agricultural products. It was a major debate if the government had the right to control private businesses. The Supreme Court sided with Illinois, declaring that the state could regulate private businesses and properties if it was in the best interest of the general public.
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The Natives had a treaty with the U.S. agreeing that the American government would leave the Natives' land alone. This treaty was broken, making the Natives very upset and leading to the battle. The Natives, led by well-known chief Sitting Bull, reached a new level of power that they never had after they defeated American troops. This led to the Natives being portrayed as bloodthirsty savages despite the American government starting many attacks. -
This act required all people applying for government jobs to take a competitive exam. This exam was open to anyone that wanted to apply for a federal job, including working-class or lower-class people. This led to more working-class people getting jobs in the government and the end of the Spoils System. Political leaders were no longer able to select only wealthy people of the same political party to work for them, expanding the diversity of political groups holding office at the same time. -
An act passed that allowed the government to break apart Native American land and create individual plots to distribute to native families. They were offered 160 acres to the head of a household or 80 acres for a single person. Their goal was to break apart the Native Americans' connection to each other. This destroyed their culture and made certain traditions hard to pass down through generations. This gave the government access to their land and made it easier to force them into white culture. -
A war between Spain and the U.S. after the sinking of the USS Maine, which America blamed the Spanish for, and the De Lome Letter, which furthered the push for war. The U.S. wanted to expand its country and end Spanish rule in the Americas, giving them land in the Latin American territory and the Western Pacific. The war was ended as America had larger and stronger army and navy units. This led to the U.S. gaining control of Hawaii and the Philippines and the Treaty of Paris (1898) being formed. -
This amendment was passed during Roosevelt's presidency and gave the US the right to take over Cuba under certain conditions. They could only take over the country if Cuba were to fall into deep debt or be put in a situation that could potentially threaten their freedom. It also allowed the US to put naval bases in Cuba and US holdings in the Caribbean. This allowed for more US involvement and domestic affairs regarding Cuba's independence from larger nations that wanted their territory. -
This was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine during Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency. The Roosevelt Corollary allowed the US to intervene in any conflicts in which European powers threatened southern or central American nations. There was fear of Europe trying to take control of the smaller American nations and the US saw benefit in protecting them. This agreement protected the United States' economic investments and gave them stronger relations with the nations they were protecting. -
This treaty was an agreement between Russia and Japan after a year of fighting the Russo-Japanese War, in which the US had remained neutral. Roosevelt met peacefully with leaders from both countries to find a compromise. He was able to draft the treaty that both parties willingly signed, ending the war. This treaty gave Japan control of new land and Russia evacuated troops but didn't have to pay reparations. This allowed America to set the example as an international mediator. -
This act was created by President FDR to preserve natural resources and protect cultural land. It allowed the president to declare any land or objects to be national monuments without congressional approval. These areas became highly protected, ensuring that there would be no damage to the wildlife or important resources. This put a strong emphasis on wildlife preservation that had never been seen before from the government. This led to more national parks and wildlife preserves nationwide.
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This act was created after Upton Sinclair, a muckraker, published his work 'The Jungle'. This work described the disgusting, nauseating conditions in which meat was made in factories. This inspired Roosevelt to tour these factories personally and he found all the described details to be true. He created this act to ensure that products were being made safely and labeled properly. Products that were misbranded or in any way adulterated could no longer be sold. This led to the creation of the FDA. -
The Gentlemen's Agreement was an informal agreement between the United States and Japan during Roosevelt's presidency. The two leaders met and came to a mutual decision regarding immigration to the US. The United States agreed to stop putting restrictions on Japanese immigrants as long as Japan limited the number of immigrants coming to the US. This led to Japan no longer giving out passports to limit emigration. This also led to less segregation of Japanese children in schools nationwide. -
The Model T car was the first automobile to be created and sold. It was made by Henry Ford, who sold it for $850. This led to Ford creating moving assembly lines to increase production rates for this new car while maintaining a reasonable price. He was able to cut production time from 12 hours to 90 minutes. To ensure that he would have loyal employees, he gave them high wages, shorter hours, and weekends off. This raised expectations of employees as well as created more job opportunities. -
The NAACP was founded by W. E. B. Debois after he was recognized for being the first black person to graduate from Harvard with a doctorate. He believed strongly in political action and creating a strong civil war plan. Social change was a big deal in his plans, claiming that the right method would make it easy. This meant having a small group of intelligent black people that would represent their cause well. The group was very involved in the civil rights movement and provided strong leaders. -
This policy was created by President Taft early in his presidency and promised money and loans to foreign countries. Taft believed that providing financial aid to those in need would strengthen their economic ties with smaller countries that were more dependent. He believed that creating better relationships with them would earn the US preferential treatment in future negotiations or more assistance in case of a war. This created better relationships between the US and foreign countries. -
This fire occurred in New York and was supposedly caused by a cigarette being discarded in a bin of flammable fabric. For 90 years, this was the great workplace disaster in New York. This fire resulted in 146 people being killed, either by burning or from jumping out of the building. This fire led to more awareness about the dangerous lack of safety standards in workplaces. Groups protested for safer and better working conditions in sweatshops and stricter laws were soon placed in all workplaces -
The Great Migration was one of the biggest migrations in US history. This occurred when Southern black people started moving North for job opportunities. During World War II, there were a lot of war jobs opening up that were accessible to black people as the whites had left to serve in the military. They moved North in hopes of having better opportunities and lives for their families. This ended up leading to a strong black community where people could relate to one other in their struggles. -
This act was passed by Congress to prevent companies from using child labor. They approached this problem by limiting interstate commerce. This act declared that there could be no interstate commerce sales of products by factories or mines that employed children under the age of 14. This act also put limits on the hours that children could work. This act didn't last long after it was declared unconstitutional but brought people's attention to the problems regarding child labor throughout the US. -
This telegram was intercepted by Great Britain as it was attempting to be passed from Germany to Mexico. Great Britain handed the note over to the US to decide how to handle it. The telegram was promising Mexico weapons, money, and American territory if they attacked the US. The US took this as an act of war, leading them to join World War I after staying neutral for most of the war. The United States joined the allies and helped them to win the war after officially declaring war on Germany. -
This act was created at the start of World War I as a way of preventing information from being leaked to the enemy. This law made it illegal to share information with the intent to interfere with the military's plan or to help the enemies in any way. People believed that this would be the best way to win the war and that spies and traitors were the biggest threat. People did not heavily disagree with the law because it helped keep the country safe during a time of fear and uncertainty. -
The Houston Riot was a riot by 156 black soldiers after they grew tired of the constant racism around them. They were often insulted for taking the jobs of white men during the war and weren't being treated fairly. They were also tired of the Jim Crow laws, which allowed racism to occur without repercussion. The soldiers killed 17 white people during the riot. They were arrested and many were executed. This sparked conversation and controversy about the poor treatment of black people in America. -
This law was passed during World War I to limit what people could say about the government. It became illegal for anyone to speak negatively/disloyally about the United States. This act was eventually shut down because it encroached on people's rights provided by the first amendment. It didn't allow them to speak freely as many people were quick to point out. While this was seen as only impacting people that would betray the country, it was still a violation of their rights and unconstitutional. -
This amendment was passed as a result of women fighting long and hard for prohibition. They believed that all problems stemmed from alcohol, including violence and their husband's affairs. This caused a lot of anger from men as making, selling, and distributing alcohol all became illegal. However, people were quick to find ways around this new amendment. They would create speakeasies, which were secret bars that were only heard about through word of mouth and required a secret password for entry -
Germany was forced to sign this treaty as a result of World War I to prevent further conflict. The treaty forced Germany to take full responsibility for the war and pay reparations, which put them in a depression. They also had to meet extreme terms that limited their military size and strength as well as control their alliances. While the US did not fully agree with the treaty, as it didn't meet the 14 Points, France and Great Britain continued on, making Germany sign the unfair contract. -
The 19th amendment was passed after years of women's suffrage. Groups like the National Women's Suffrage Association and the American Women's Suffrage Associations had been protesting and fighting for their right to vote since black suffrage began. They were finally granted this right in 1920 when the 19th amendment was passed. This led to higher voter turnout as well as being a major turning point in how women were viewed in society. It brought them closer to the ultimate goal of equality. -
This scandal occurred when President Harding was in office and the Secretary of Interior created a big controversy. He leased out Navy petroleum reserves near Teapot Dome to oil companies. He leased to these private companies at low rates without competitive bidding, which was found to be very suspicious. It was later discovered that he had been accepting bribes from the oil companies, causing people to lose trust in the government and become more cautious about the actions of those in office. -
This act was created to limit the number of immigrants that were allowed to enter the US. The government calculated this number by finding how many immigrants from each country were in the US in 1890. Only two percent of that number of immigrants were welcomed into the US each year as a result of this act. This led to more alienation of immigrants as it was becoming less common. Immigrants began facing more discrimination and were even used as scapegoats for crimes they didn't commit. -
This trial went to the Supreme Court after a teacher refused to obey a law that banned teachers from teaching students about evolution. The teacher, John Scopes, continued to teach his science class about how evolution occurred over time. Scopes was found guilty in the trial but the verdict sparked a lot of controversies over the idea of teaching basic science or avoiding religiously sensitive topics. This led to questions of what the boundaries were between general education and religion. -
The Sacco & Vanzetti case occurred after a shoe store employee was murdered during an armed robbery. Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants that were rumored to be anarchists. They were accused of the murder and, despite having solid alibis, they were found guilty and sentenced to death. Their execution led to a lot of debate and several protests over civil rights. There was a lot of debate over people's rights to a fair trial and whether or not the case was given a fair trial. -
The Stock Market Crash was a symptom of the Great Depression. The price of stocks fell drastically as the country was going into a financial crisis. Stockbrokers were facing financial troubles and took to calling on the loans they had made to their investors. As a result, the prices of stock had to fall to compensate for these struggles. People who had invested significant amounts into these stocks fell into deeper financial trouble, some losing their life savings because of how quickly it fell. -
Roosevelt won this election by a landslide, giving Democrats more power throughout the government, and gaining more seats in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Roosevelt was favored by the public because of the ways he planned to help the US out of the Great Depression. Throughout his presidency, he created several new acts and plans to create more jobs with better conditions to help the US recover. He maintained peace between the US and other countries, ensuring good relations. -
This deal was created by Roosevelt, promising to make programs that would help with recovery from the Great Depression. It was meant to focus on relief, recovery, and reform. This led to Keynesian Economics, debt spending, taking over, and putting America in greater debt. This changed the role of the government greatly. The New Deal created programs that benefitted aspects beyond spending problems as well. These programs include the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Soil Conservation Service. -
This act was a result of the Great Depression in which Roosevelt created new standards for the workforce. This act ensured fair work as well as competition codes. It guaranteed workers the right to organize and peacefully protest, a right that had been threatened as employers mistreated their workers for years. The act created stricter work hours so employees no longer worked all day in rough conditions. It ensured better pay through minimum wages and set limits on pricing for businesses. -
The 21st amendment was passed in February but didn't take effect until December. It was passed to repeal the 18th amendment, which made all alcoholic drinks illegal across America. This amendment was passed during Roosevelt's presidency. Congress passed the amendment because there were clear indicators that crime rates had increased since prohibition had taken place. People had been very angry about the 18th amendment so the 21st amendment was met with great acceptance and celebration. -
This act was created after the Great Depression in an effort to create more job opportunities across the nation. This act was based on a shorter life span than in current days. It provided a monthly paycheck to those 65 and older to replace the income they would have by working a regular job. This encouraged older people to retire at a much younger age since they were guaranteed an income. This created more job openings for young people struggling to join the workforce during labor shortages. -
This revised deal was created by President Roosevelt in order to help boost the economy after the Great Depression. It included programs that focused on government spending in order to reduce debts. It was heavily focused on finding solutions to old problems. It created more plans for unemployment to ensure that people would be okay if they were to experience unemployment as well as the Social Security Act. It also created a minimum wage, overtime pay, and other regulations to protect workers. -
This scandal occurred after President Franklin D Roosevelt's New Deal was found to be unconstitutional for many reasons. This made the president very upset and he threatened to expand the Supreme Court. Under this new plan, there would be 15 members, ensuring that Roosevelt could continue with his plans without pushback. This plan was not followed through because of the negative response from the public. However, it did make people warier of changes to the justice system. -
This order was created during Roosevelt's presidency and was designed to eliminate discrimination in government hiring. Any companies that received government contracts were required to comply with these new laws. This meant that all government agencies and unions that were involved in the war were required to comply. This limited discrimination in the government workplaces, allowing more opportunities for black people. Black employment rates skyrocketed as a result of the executive order. -
This was an attack by the Japanese on an American island in Hawaii. The US was completely unprepared for the attack and didn't have access to military supplies needed to defend Pearl Harbor. This attack was devastating to the US, leaving 2,335 servicemen dead and destroying 188 planes and 18 ships. This was a major turning point in WWII as the US was finally forced to join the war. The US and Great Britain declared war on Japan the following day while Germany and Italy declared war on the US. -
This order from President Roosevelt allowed people considered a threat to national security to be relocated. People believed all Japanese Americans to be threats during the war because they were afraid of spies. This order allowed all Japanese people to be sent to internment camps in Western states that were extremely hot. This led to a court case after someone claimed the order violated Japanese people's rights, to which the courts declared that the military is more important than civil rights -
D-Day, also known as Operation Overlord, was an attack planned by the Allies for over 18 months. 156,000 troops crossed the English Channel, landing on 5 beaches in Normandy. Troops landed behind enemy lines and took control of nearby bridges and roads. Within a week, the Allies had gained control of 80 miles of the coast in Germany. This attack was a major turning point in World War II as it gave the Allies significant leverage over the enemy and weakened Germany's control throughout Europe. -
This bill was the government's way of thanking soldiers for their service in the war. It provided them with low-interest home and business loans as well as paying for their education. This allowed veterans to flourish after the war because of the resources provided. They could go to school for their desired career or start their own business without worrying about the financial aspect. It also contributed to the baby boom because they could afford to move to Levittowns or other suburban areas. -
This conference was a meeting between Stalin, Truman, and Churchill after World War II. They were meeting to discuss post-war conditions and compromises. The leaders agreed that each country would handle its own reparations. They discussed what would be done with Germany as a result as well as what will happen in Japan, which was an ongoing battle. This led to the formation of the Council of Foreign Ministers, which worked together to draft peace treaties to prevent further conflict with Germany -
Japan invaded Manchuria and China in an attempt to gain more territory and grow their power. The US got involved because they had economic relations with the countries being invaded. The US ordered Japan to remove troops but Japan refused to cooperate. The US stopped providing oil for Japan and Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in response. The US declared war on Japan and dropped atomic bombs on the country, killing thousands. This led to Japan surrendering just a few days after the bombing. -
Throughout Hitler's time as chancellor in Germany, he killed masses of the Jewish population and forced them into concentration camps. They were abused, starved, and had numbers tattooed onto their bodies for identification. They worked all day in horrible conditions and were killed if they didn't obey the Nazis. The allies were responsible for storming Germany and liberating concentration camps. The Soviet troops were liberated from the last camp, Stutthof, by gassing and killing Nazi leaders. -
Levittowns were created by a company called Levitt & Sons, which was owned by Joseph Levitt. Levittowns were suburban neighborhoods in which all houses were identical. They came up with this and started building these neighborhoods during the baby boom because families needed bigger homes and more space to raise their large families. Making every house identical allowed the houses to be produced at a much faster rate and kept them affordable, meeting the needs of the general public. -
This doctrine was created by President Truman as a way of preventing the spread of communism and was seen as a declaration of the Cold War. It offered economic and military assistance to countries that needed it as long as those countries remained democratic. This was initially created as an offer to Greece and Turkey but was quickly opened to more countries. This created a sense of dependence for those countries, encouraging them to stay democratic because of the help they received. -
The Shelley v Kraemer case went to the Supreme Court after Shelley was sold a home in an area where most parcel owners were forbidden from selling homes to black people. This led to the neighborhood suing in hopes of having Shelley removed from the property and undoing the house sale. The court ruled in favor of Shelley, allowing them to keep the house. However, it also stated that racially restricted covenants were legal, allowing this form of discrimination to continue for years to come. -
The Mashall Plan was designed by President Truman. This plan was meant to help Western European countries recover after the war by providing them with financial aid. This led to stronger markets and economic relations for both European countries and America. This also helped to accomplish the main goal, which was preventing the spread of communism. Countries getting benefits from America were encouraged to remain democratic instead of turning to the Soviets and risking losing financial aid. -
This Supreme Court case occurred because Linda Brown walked past a nice white school every day just to get to her lower-quality school for black kids. In a previous Supreme Court case, it was determined that schools could be separated as long as they were of equal quality. Because this rule of equal quality wasn't effective, Linda Brown won the case. This court ruling led to the beginning of the end of segregation. Black children began being integrated into white schools, despite white protests. -
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was planned by a group of activists who chose Rosa Parks to be the rebel in their plan. She goes against the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on the bus for a white person. She was arrested and over 40,000 people boycotted bus companies as a result. This led to bus companies joining in their fight against the unjust laws against black people. The bus companies were forced to join after the boycott because black people made up 75% of their business. -
Emmitt Till was a black 14-year-old who was accused of catcalling a white woman. This led to him being kidnapped, beaten, and killed when the attackers shot him. There were a few men arrested for his murder but they were acquitted. The men later admitted to it but couldn't be tried again. This caused an uproar in the black community as they continued to fight for their civil rights, trying to prevent more cases like Emmitt Till's. It brought more attention to the situation and ongoing movement. -
This act was the largest public works project in American history and was used to create bigger and better roads across America. These new interstates would allow for faster travel and shipment of products throughout the country. This was beneficial to both industrial and rural America as all necessities were able to be accessed faster and more efficiently. In order to create these, the government played on people's fears during the war, saying it would make for easier evacuation when needed. -
The election was between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon. JFK won the election by a small margin and ended up being the youngest president to take office. This election is significant because it was the first televised election. People were able to watch debates in real-time from the comfort of their homes rather than waiting for the quotes to be printed in newspapers. This allowed people to make more informed decisions in coming elections because they didn't have to worry about biased news. -
Freedom Rides was made up of a diverse group of over 1,000 students and was organized by CORE and SNCC during the Civil Rights Movement. They would travel around the South to test different areas after segregation had been outlawed in bus and railway systems. This group took advantage of their newfound rights, which made many southerners mad. There would be angry mobs waiting for their arrival to attack the group. This led to stricter enforcement of the new laws throughout the South. -
The Civil Rights Act was signed into law by President Johnson during the Civil Rights Movement. This act was meant to end racism by prohibiting discrimination by race, religion, and nationality. This meant that workplaces could not discriminate when hiring workers and gave people of color a more fair chance at high-paying jobs with good working conditions. This act also ended segregation in public areas. Schools, businesses, and other public facilities were now required to be open to all people. -
The Voting Rights Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the final years of the Civil Rights Movement. This act banned all racial discrimination in elections. This included local, state, and national elections. As a result, it became illegal to require literacy tests to vote as well as banning any type of intimidation or harm towards people of color that wished to vote. This allowed black people to exercise their rights provided by the 15th amendment.
