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Jamestown was the first successful permanent English settlement in the US, propelling the nation to officially begin. The Virginia Company sent men to find suitable land for settlement, and so they chose Jamestown, Virginia as the spot. The English Language, laws, and religious institutions spread across North America and the globe. The colony here showed how to live under hard conditions, creating a lasting impact on America. -
This newly created system of representative government could make laws and levy taxes. Although the governor and the company council in England could veto its act, the Virginia company created this in hopes to create an established society. By 1622, landownership, self-government, and a judicial system based on the laws of England had attracted many new recruits to encourage the transition to a settler colony. The company also recruited women to make wives.
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Tensions between the settlers and Indians led to a war between them. Opechancanough surprise attacked the English settlers killing nearly 1/3 of their population. The colonists stole fields and foods from the Indians. They sold captured warriors into slavery. James I revoked the Virginia Company's charter and made Virginia into a royal colony because of the rise in Indian attacks. -
This act regulated the trade of the new colony to make sure they only trade with their mother country so that country can gain a profit from the colonies. They wanted the colony to stay dependent on Britain so they can prevent the development of manufacturing in the colonies. This effectively made them unable to trade with other European countries. The act was followed by several others that would impose additional limitations on trade and taxes. -
Germans and Scots-Irish settled on farms across the south Piedmont because the area is cheap and has goof soil. This central area also gave them an advantage since middle colonies served as important disruption centers in the English mercantile system. The middle colonies represented the middle ground between the North and South, allowed people looking for freedom to practice their religion. The Quakers started the colony of Pennsylvania, starting the rise in the middle colonies. -
This policy inadvertently contributed to the American Revolution. When this was made, the British Government wasn't enforcing its laws in the colonies. The colonists became used to governing themselves. Salutary neglect was needed for merchants to independently and freely determine how their business works. When this ended, colonists were angry because they were no longer able to conduct their own assembly town meetings and such, restricting them from their daily lifestyle. -
Great Britain used the Molasses Act to control the colony. This act raised the tax on molasses that was important by American colonies from anywhere other than Great Britain. By doing this, Great Britain would make more money by controlling the colony's trade. This would make the colonies furious since it prevents them from trading with other countries that have cheaper molasse prices. -
The French and Indian War changed the relationship between Britain and its American colonies because the war let Britain be more "active" in colonial political and economic affairs by adding regulations and heavy taxes on colonies. This ultimately led the Proclamation of 1763 being made in which Britain states that the West of the Appalachian Mountains be off limits to settler. This only gave the colonists more of a motive to rebel against the law like the other mercantile laws. -
When Grenville won parliamentary approval of the Sugar Act of 1764, it imposed the act in an attempt to stop the smuggling of sugar and molasses between merchants due to their high taxes. This garnered barely any support from America as many merchants made money through smuggling. The merchants of America felt that the Sugar Act would ruin the distilling industry. So, privately, they vowed to evade the duty by smuggling or bribing officals. -
Another new tax, the Stamp Act of 1765, created the first great imperial crisis. Alongside the Molasses and Sugar Act, colonists were already getting upset about the high amounts of taxation. The stamp act was made to cover part of the cost for keeping British troops in America. It require a tax stamp on all printed items including college diplomas, court documents, land titles, etc. preventing many people from receiving those. This increased the tension between the people and parliament. -
This act stated that Great Britain would house its soldiers in American houses requiring them to use their resource towards the soldiers. The colonists resented this act because they were being taxed once again to pay for provisions and barrack for the army. They also thought that it was unnecessary since it was during peacetime, and colonist feared that the army might use their power against them to get what they want. This increased the tension between Americans and Great Britain. -
The invention/improvement of the Steam Engine was important to the Industrial Revolution because it provided power to the new machines. This allowed factories to be built anywhere, and transportation became easier and faster. This also increased the speed of manufacturing to grow faster and transport markets far from the European sites. Steam power became the energy source for many machines and vehicles, which made it cheaper and easier to produce in large amounts. -
During the night, 9 British redcoats fired into a crowed and killed 5 townspeople. A subsequent trials exonerated the soldiers, showing how power and wealth can get them through anything. A Boston Radical Whig labeled the event as a massacre to use it as a rally against imperial power. When news got around of this event, many people started to repudiate parliamentary supremacy, while those that were loyal to British, mostly remained loyal. -
With the Tea Act being enforce, the colonists were finally pushed off the tip of the iceberg. A group of artisans and laborers, led by the Sons of Liberty, disguised themselves as Native Americans and boarded the Dartmouth boat. They dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor, fueling the growing tension between American and Britain. The impact of this event ultimately led to the American Revolution because of Britain's controlling restrictions on the colonies. -
These acts were meant to break Massachusetts Bay and to warn the other colonies of the consequences of rebellious behavior. These laws were specifically designed to punish the colonists for their defiance in the Tea Party protest in reaction to changes in taxation by the British. These acts especially violate the rights of the colonists; restricting the rights of limited colonial self-government. -
In a meeting at Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress established a colonial army with George Washington as commander in-chief. This army was formed to secure American Independence from Great Britain, and proved themselves to be courageous and strong despite Great Britain's power and size. George Washington raised to become a prominent figure in history by leading the American army to victory during the Revolutionary War. -
Inspired by Paine's arguments, Patriots advised a break from Britain. Richard Lee presented Virginia's resolution to the Continental congress that says the colonies should have the right to be independent and free. Loyalists and anti-independence people withdrew from Congress and approved the Declaration of Independence which justified this to the Americans. Jefferson, the main writer, linked individuality and popular sovereignty for a new nation. It won wide support in European countries. -
The battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the American Revolution. It helped the US persuade the French to give support to the Americans for independence. The win showed that the US can be a strong nation despite being fairly new. With the help of the French and Spain, the American military become stronger against the big British army. This also gave the military a major morale boost to continue pursing the war. -
As the citizens embraced independence, they envisioned a central government with limited powers. This article provided for a loose union in which each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence.
Each state had one vote regardless of its size and population. This ultimately failed over time because of the lack of power the government had. The nation would learn from this mistake in the future to not make their new government like this again. -
When the Treaty of Paris was signed, America was finally free from Great Britain's tight grasp. After winning the Indian/7 year war, Britain formally recognized America as Independence and gave up their land, opening up the U.S. The nation doubled in size and it paved the way for westward expansion once again, finally ending the American Revolution. -
This defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. It displayed a pattern by which the rest of the West would be able to settle. All other territories in the US would have to go through the same process to become a state. As the population of the land grew, the inhabitants would be allowed the right to elect their local legislature. When there were at least 60 thousand people in the land, they could apply to Congress to become a state. -
The cotton gin is a machine that separates cotton seeds from fiber. Invented by Eli Whitney, this invention dramatically reduce the amount of time it took to separate cotton seeds from cotton fiber. However, this also contributed to the growth of slavery. The machine helped boost productivity and increase cotton usage, making cotton a profitable crop. It also helped strengthen the U.S economy and laid the foundations for slave trade. -
These acts were set to maintain federalist power by deporting foreigners and making it illegal to criticize the government. The laws raised the residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, violating the first amendment to the U.S. constitution. These laws were enacted after the XYZ affair in conjunction with the Quasi-War with France. They wanted to silence criticism towards John Adams ultimately creating controversy around the government's powers. -
In an attempt to limit the drinking in the U.S, the temperance movement was made. Many people thought that drinking was immoral since it leads to so many problems like abuse, decline in heath, and obesity. They thought it could be a threat to the nation's success. Also, due to the lack of clean water, drinking alcohol was a more accessible and safer option. -
After careful debate, Thomas Jefferson ultimately bought the Louisiana Territory for future protection, expansion, prosperity and potential resources. The purchase encompassed 530 million acres of land in North America for only 15$ million. It also eventually doubled the size of the U.S. and strengthened the country bot materially and strategically. This contributed to the westward expansion, and ultimately made the federal government stronger. -
The Erie Canal provided a direct water route from New York City to the Midwest. This boosted the American commercial and agricultural development as well as immigration. This canal allowed people and goods to flow from East Coast to the newly opened West. In the long run, the Erie Canal helped New York City grow to become a world commercial center. -
Garrison spoke out passionately against slavery and advocated for the rights of black people. He joined the Abolition movement and became associated as one of the prime advocates for immediate emancipation of all slaves. This is important since these views were very unpopular during the time, even with the northers who were against slavery. Northerners believed that blacks could assimilate white culture, but Garrison believed that all blacks will be equal to every white person. -
With the issue of slavery rising controversy in the nation, the H.O.R. adopts the gag rule to prohibit discussions and debates about anti-slavery petitions. People, including John Quincy Adams, asked the House to rescind the gag rule because it seems as though the government has once again became dangerous and strictive on the rights of minorities and the sovereignty of the people and to the Union of the US. Despite these efforts, it stayed in effect until 1844. -
By acquiring Texas into the Union, U.S once again grew their country's size. However, with the annexation of Texas, it entered as a slave state, increasing the irrepressible difference in the US over the issue of the slavery. Additionally, this caused the Mexican-American to start off. -
To address inequality and challenge the nation to live up to its revolutionary promise, a 2 day convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York, where 300 women and men gathered to discuss the rights and conditions of women. Alongside the abolition movement, the convention launched the woman's suffrage movement in the United States. This gave women a voice to finally speak out against their poor treatment from other people and unfair pay due to their gender. -
The California Gold Rush was sparked by the discovery of gold nuggets in Sacramento Valley. The Golf Rush created a lasting impact on advancing America's industrial and agricultural development. It also helped California develop statehood. Additionally, Chinese and Mexican immigrants arrived to find opportunities for land and money, creating diversity despite their harsh working environments. -
Following the defeat of the Mexican army, the treaty expanded the U.S exponentially. It added an additional 525,000 square miles to the US territory creating present day: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. Mexico also gave up all claims to Texas, recognizing Rio Grande as America's Southern boundary. -
In an attempt to keep nation together, Clay constructed the Compromise of 1850. It admitted California as a free state, making the free to slave state ratio equal, and left Utah and New Mexico to decide themselves which state they want to be. It also included the Fugitive Slave Act which was highly unpopular in the North. However, this also had Washington DC ban slave trade which lead to the slow diminish in slavery in the US over time. -
This case gave the Southern States a pass to continue slavery. It addressed the moral and political struggles about slavery between the two parties since slavery was a hot topic in the US. Scott argued that living in a free state should make him a free man, however the Supreme Court ruled that since he was someone's property, he is was not a citizen and thus unable to sue in federal court, furthering the division between which states would be able to allow slavery. -
This election was one of the most pivotal presidential elections in American History as it showed the divisions between the North and the South in the US right before the Civil War. When Lincoln won the election, it firmly established the Democratic and Republican parties as the majority parties in the U.S. It also continued the long deep-seated views on slavery and state rights' between the North and South. -
After Lincoln was elected as president, South Carolina succeeded from the federal Union, leading to an anticipation for the Civil War. It became the first state to leave the Union. South Carolina had far different views from the North. They needed slaves for their cotton production industry to be stable whereas the North didn't need them. These different views on slavery, freedom, and rights ultimately led to their succession and the American Civil War. -
The attack at Fort Sumter is marked as the official beginning of the civil war and where the first shots were fired. Although it is unknown who fired the first shot, the tension that has raised due to the issue of slavery triggered the civil war. Afterwards, Lincoln would issue a call for Union volunteers to aid in the civil war. Confederate forces occupied Fort Sumter after the battle. -
The battle of Bull Run was the first major battle during the Civil War. Surprisingly, the Confederates won this hard fought battle. The union army quickly realized that this battle wasn't going to be as quick and easy as they though, and the Southern Army regained hope and joy as they won one of the biggest Civil War battles. This battle ultimately led both sides to realize that the civil war is going to be long and grueling. -
The Homestead Act was one of the most significant events towards the westward expansion of the US. In an attempt to give freemen and other people a chance of the "American Dream," the act granted 160 acres of free land to claimants. By doing this, millions of Americans including immigrants, past slaves, men and women would take this opportunity to take public domains into private homes and industries. -
The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by Lincoln proclaiming the freedom of slaves in the Confederates states that were still rebelling. Freed slaves could also join the Union army, aiding the Union's manpower for the Civil War. Additionally, by making abolition of slavery a Union goal, it prevented European countries from supporting the Confederate states because of its linked support for slavery. -
After numerous failed union leaders, Lincoln appointed Grant for his famous victory at Vicksburg. He is best known as the Union general that led the U.S to victory over the Confederate States during the Civil War. With the help of Sherman, he planned and executed his plan on a union victory, ultimately leading him to become a president years later. -
The main purpose of this event was to scare Georgia's civilian population into leaving the Confederate's cause. As Sherman burned houses and stole food and cotton, the citizens were only left the option to surrender. By capturing Atlanta, The South's industrial center was shut down with its munitions factories and connections. After reaching Savannah, Sherman continued his destruction to the Carolinas, crippling the Southerner's hope, ultimately leading to the Union's victory. -
Around 700 federal troops made an unprovoked attack on men, women, and children, in Sand Creek, creating a turning point between the Indians and the US government. Although the Indians thought they and the government were on good terms, this distrust that grew from the massacre led to later conflicts such as Little Big Horn and Wounded Knee. -
The Freedmen's Bureau Act established a Bureau for former slaves and freedmen to provide shelter, food, clothing basically anything to help them start a life. More than 1,000 African American schools were built, giving black children a chance at education. It fed millions of people, built hospitals, provided medical aid, and negotiated labor contracts for ex-slaves and settled labor dispute. It also helped former slaves legalize marriage. -
A beloved leader, Lincoln, was shot by John Booth, leading to a slow process of reconstruction after the civil war. His successor Andrew Johnson took office and the period known as Reconstruction. Despite his loyalty to the Union, this power showed how incapable of a President Johnson was. He would grant amnesty to most former Confederates, and allowed Sothern States to elect new governments. This also made the South enact black codes, which was not Lincoln's original intent. -
Against Johnson's belief that Congress had no right to take over his power, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act over Johnson's veto showing that they have power. This act was the first US federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It stated that all persons born in the US are to be citizens, regardless of their race or previous condition of slavery/involuntary servitude, making it revolutionary. -
This act outlined the terms for readmission to the representation of the rebel states since the Civil War. It divided the former Confederate states into five military districts except for Tennessee. Each state was required to write a new constitution and ratify the 13 and 14 amendments. After Congress override Johnson's veto, the act became a law leading to admission of the former confederate states the next year. -
Once the railroad was complete, the west side of America was opened up for trade across the nation and the world. Journey across the US that would typically take 6 months was cut down to under a week for transportation. This ultimately transformed the American economy since it rapidly shipped resources such as coal, timber, metals, and even cattle from west to east. It also opened up new markets for the goods produced in eastern factories. -
Although this battle was a decisive victory for the Sioux in the short term, in the long term, it increased the tension between the Indians and white settlers. This led to the government increasing their efforts to control the Indians, and acquire their land, pushing them into reservations. Within 5 years of the battle, almost all Sioux and Cheyenne would live on reservations. -
With Wovoka's prophecy about ending the colonial expansion to Indian land, the ghost dance movement preached the goals of a clean living and honest life. They believed that this spiritual movement foresaw a renewal of the Earth and hep for the Paiute peoples as promised by their ancestors. The US government later forced tribes to stop because white settlers saw it as a threat. -
John D. Rockefeller creates an oil company which becomes the largest oil refinery in the world. Rockefeller decides to buy up all other competition and form them into one large company, creating a monopoly. His unethical business methods led to the passing of anti-trust laws in America. These anti-trust laws would typically fall into 2 categories: agreements to restrain competition, and efforts to require a monopoly. -
The Pendleton Act is important because it stopped the appointment of people to governmental offices merely because of their political affiliation or their connection to the president. It required qualified people to be elected to government offices based on their own individual merit. This prevented the constant reward to loyal part members and established the principle of hiring federal employees based on merit rather than political affiliation. -
The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a US federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. This would help small farmers who were using railways to send goods across state lines and gave the government an important means to regulate big businesses. -
The U.S was hungry for Native American land, so they created this act to acquire it. They measured out the land and side that unless -
The U.S. Steel Corporation was the largest business enterprise ever launched in America. During its first year, the company made 67% of all steel produced in the country. With major technical advnaces, steel helped fuel the accelerated growth of American cities, railroads, bridges, and facorties. Following WWII, the American Steel industry continued to grow at a rapid pace. At the time, no other industry in thr world was more powerful. -
The FDA was first created to enforce the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. The FDA is charged with protecting the health of the US public, to ensure the quality of its food, medicine, and cosmetic. The FDA plays a pivotal role in the lives of Americans as it helps speed innovations that make medicines and foods more effective, safer, and more affordable. The FDA is responsible for the oversight of more than $2.7 trillion in consumption of foods, medical products, etc. -
The NAACP played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Their mission is to ensure the political, education, equality of minority group citizens of the US and eliminate racial prejudice. One of the organization's key victories was the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown b Board of Education that outlawed segregation in public schools.
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This tragic event was caused because the owners of the business locked the fire escape exit doors, leading many workers to jump to their deaths and being heavily injured. The tragedy brought widespread attention to the dangerous sweatshop condition factories, and led to the development of series of laws and regulations that better protected the safety of workers. Out of this, the Sullivan-Hoey Fire Prevention Laws was passed. -
Congress developed the Federal Reserve Act to establish economic stability in the United States by introducing a central bank to oversee monetary policy. Banks needed a source of emergency reserves to prevent panics and resulting runs from driving them out of business. This would provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system.
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The assassination of Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand catapulted Europe into WWI until 1918. The US would eventually join, despite wanting to stain neutral, because of the interception of the immersion telegram and outrage with Germany's resumption of submarine attacks. The main event of militarism causing WWI was the naval rivalry which was mae after 1900.
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This act practically meant that any person to convey information intended to interfere with the U.S. armed forces' prosecution of the war effort or to promote the success of the country's enemies will be considered a crime. It would limit dissent to the war by threatening to be fined or imprisoned for speaking out against the government or the war efforts. Benefits from these actions include streamlining war production and removing obstacles to the war efforts. -
Germany violated their pledge to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare in the North Atlantic/Mediterranean and attempted to entice Mexico into an alliance against the U.S. thus, Wilson declares war on Germany. The U.S. took major efforts to mobilize by focusing on industries producing massive amounts of war goods and employing as many people as possible. Additionally, this helped women gain jobs in factories. -
The telegram was considered Britain's greatest intelligence coup for WWI. Alongside America's outrage over Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare, this was the moment that pushed the US off the cliff to join the war. The interception ultimately revealed Britain's plan to form an alliance with Mexico, saying that they would regain lost territories in the southwest if the US declared war.
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At the end of WWI, Wilson made 14 points as a blueprint for world peace; it was to be used for peace negotiations after WWI. The points included a call for the creation of the League of Nations, conduct of foreign policy including freedom of seas and free trade, and the concept of national self-determination. However, these points were not used because other nations believed that Germany deserved harsher punishments ultimately starting the cause of WWII. -
Unlike Wilson's 14 points, the Treaty of Versailles is one of the most controversial armistice treaties in history. Other nations thought that Wilson's points were too docile and that Germany should receive a harsher punishment. The treaty gave German territories to neighboring countries and placed other German territories under international supervision. Also, Germany was stripped of its overseas colonies, its military capabilities were restricted, and had to pay major war reparations. -
After decades of protests, the 19th amendment proved to be a big milestone. This legally guarantees American women the right to vote, and helped millions of women move closer to equality in all aspects of American life. Women had, and still have, advocated for job opportunities, fairer wages, education, sex education, and birth control. This amendment proved that America is taking a step in the right direction! -
The main purpose of this act was to greatly reduce the number of immigrants allowed to enter the U.S. by setting immigration quotas for each European nation. As a response to the increasing immigration from southern and Eastern Europe, anti-immigrant feelings culminated throughout America. This would keep wages and living standards high for both the existing population and the new arrivals that made it through legally to America. -
The stock market crash ultimately catapulted the US into the Great Depression. This accelerated the global economic collapse which heavily negatively affected the American economy. By 1933, nearly half of America's banks had failed, and unemployment was approaching 15 million people. When the stock market crashed, businesses lost their money and consumers also lost their money because many banks had invested their money without their knowledge. This was a time of panic.
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Hitler's emergence as chancellor was a turning point for Germany and the world. He was beloved in Germany and used politics and power to make Germany a unified one-party state. He transformed Germany by manipulating the democratic political system, ultimately creating a dictatorship. Due to the treaty of Versailles, Germany fell into a depression, giving Hitler the chance to rise as Chancellor. -
As racial discrimination continued to rise with the executive act of 9066, this act is to ban discriminatory employment practices by Federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war-related work. This was an important step toward ending it in federal government employment practices overall. This order also established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy, making the workforce a more fair game for all. -
The attack on Pearl Harbor surprised Americans. Although it was a devastating attack, it created more jobs and more Americans went back to work. Immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor, millions of men were called to duty. When these men joined the armed forces, they left behind millions of jobs, leading jobless people and women to take the spot. This attack is also what ultimately brings the US into WWII. -
After the bombing at Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt signed this Executive Order to prevent espionage on American shores. Internment camps were created in major states with a large population of Japanese Americans. More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were ordered to leave their homes and move to these camps. This furthered discrimination against Asians in America and made all Japanese Americans look like "enemies of the state." -
The Congress of Racial Equality was established to improve race relations and end discriminatory policies through direct-action projects. Inspired by Gandhi's protest strategies of non-violence, a group of Black and white students in Chicago found this group; this helped launch one of America's most important civil rights movements. They have proven to be successful by integrating northern public facilities in the 1940s.
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The D-Day invasion is one of the most important days in history as it played a major role in WWII. This day marked the turn of the ride for the control maintained by Nazi Germany. The US and Allied forces launched a ginormous invasion on the beaches of Normandy. The successful take-over of the coast led to Germany's ultimate demise. By taking over France's main coast, Germany was forced to surrender after it used its reserves and demoralized their troops in battle.
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The GI Bill Act provided a wide range of benefits to Veterans returning from WWII. This includes low-cost home loans, education, and vocational training, unemployment payments, and an expansion of Veterans' health care. This saved the American economy from a potential unemployment epidemic, and by taking advantage of higher education, they earned higher wages and thus pumped more money into the economy by buying consumer goods. -
President Truman, warned by his advisors that any attempt to invade Japan would result in horrific American and Japanese causalities, ordered that an atomic bomb be used on Japan to force them to surrender. The first bomb, dropped on Hiroshima, resulted in a death toll of around 140k people. The second was in Nagasaki which killed around 50k. This would ultimately force Japan to surrender and prove to the world that there are weapons powerful enough to obliterate land and people quickly. -
Japan formally and finally surrendered to the Allies, bringing the end to WWII. With the nuclear weapons America used against them, Japan was ultimately forced to surrender after the catastrophe that had occurred. As a result, the U.S. led the Allies in the occupation and rehabilitation of the Japanese state. Between 1945 and 1952, the U.S. helped Japan enact widespread military, political, economic, and social reforms.
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After WWII, the United Nations was formed to create a new global organization to maintain peace and avoid the abuses of war. The UN branded the scope of American foreign policy and made it more quickly conscious of response to political, economic, and social problems which would affect the interests of the United States as a world power. UN peacekeepers help prevent conflict and protect civilians around the globe, at a fraction of the cost of sending U.S. troops.
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Levittown was designed to provide a large amount of housing at a time when there was a high demand for affordable family houses. With soldiers coming back from the military after WWII, people confided in each other and preferred conformity. This suburban development would become a symbol of the "American Dream" as it allowed thousands of families to become homeowners. These homes became a postwar image for everything right which included affordability, and better standards of living. -
The infamous Hollywood Ten were 10 motion-picture producers, directors, and screenwriters who appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee and refused to answer questions regarding their possible communist affiliations. Many of them were sentenced to one year in jail. These accusations would blacklist them, preventing them from ever being in the industry again. This event showed how during the red scare, the fear of communism, lead to limiting peoples' First Amendment. -
The Freedom Rides, and the violent reactions they provoked, bolstered the credibility of the Civil Rights Movement. The riders never used violence, yet they were nearly killed by people against the movement. They called national attention to the disregard for the federal law and the local violence used to enforce segregation in the southern U.S. These events brought awareness to not only the civil rights movement but also the flawed government. -
With the Truman Doctrine, America stepped in to stop the spread of communism. After WWII, heightened tensions with Russia started the Cold War; people were scared of secret communist spies amongst them. America used the Truman Doctrine to further democracy and forged relationships with nations, both militarily and economically. When Truman presented this address, Congress gave $400 million in military and economic assistance for Turkey and Greece. -
The Marshall Plan generated a resurgence of European industrialization and brought lots of investments into the region. With the European economy bouncing back, the U.S. economy grew with the European stimulus, establishing markets for American goods. Additionally, this improved relations with Western Europe as the U.S. aided them after WWII to rebuild themselves. The money would be used to buy goods from the U.S. and they had to be shipped across the Atlantic on American merchant vessels. -
As one of the first major international crises of the Cold War, the Berlin Blockade exposed the differences separating East and West Germany. In response to the Soviet blockade of land routes, the U.S. began a massive airlift of food, water, and medicine to the citizens of the besieged city. For nearly a year, supplies from American planes sustained hundred of thousands of people in West Berlin. Their booming economy would eventually lead Stalin to revoke this rule. -
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created by the U.S., Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. NATO helps defend the territory of its members, prevent and manage crises, stabilize post-conflict situations, and support reconstruction. During the Cold War, its primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the Western Allies' military response to a possible invasion by the Soviet union to Wester Europe. -
McCarthyism created a culture of uniformity and paranoia that feared anything slightly different. Millions of Americans were forced to take loyalty oaths, activism and labor unions started to decline, many people became afraid to speak out on public issues, and anti-communism continued to drive foreign policy. Ultimately, McCarthyism affected the government as it increased suspicions and fears within the government. -
The Korean War boosted GDP growth through government spending, which in turn constrained investment and consumption. The Signed armistice established the Korean Demilitarized Zone which created a border between the two nations: North and South Korea. it put the two nations into a forced cease-fire and finalized the repatriation of prisoners of war. One impact the Korean War had on US budgets was that military spending increased and became a larger proportion of future budgets. -
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The decision declared that separate educational facilities for white and black students were inherently unequal. This ruling meant that it was illegal to segregate schools, and thus these schools must integrate. However, since the Supreme Court didn't give a deadline by which schools had to be integrated, many schools went around this outcome. -
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, lasting 381 days, ultimately resulted in the Supreme Court ruling segregation on public buses unconstitutional. This was a huge win for the civil rights movement and this event helped eliminate early barriers to transportation access. When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man on the bus, she inspired many black people to become more active in the movement. Many black leaders organized events to advocate for more equal laws. -
The death of Emmett had a powerful effect on the Civil Rights Movement. After supposedly whistling at a white woman, Roy Bryan and J.W. Milam kidnapped and brutally murdered Till, both receiving no actual punishment for the murder they have committed. Till's death inspired many to join the movement of mass meetings, sit-ins, and marches to demand equal treatment under the law. This tragic event started a discussion amongst young and old black Americans in need of justice and change. -
Rosa Parks, one of the most famous civil rights leaders, helped initiate the civil rights movement in the US. She refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery Alabama bus. Her actions inspired the leaders of the local Black community to organize the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Her courageous act of civil disobedience set an example for others on how to peacefully protest and show that second-class citizenship was unacceptable. -
Signed by President Eisenhower, these systems' purposes were to provide a high-speed, high-capacity system of highways in cases where we might have to evacuate. The authorization of building highways throughout the nation is known as the biggest public works project in the nation's history. The interstate highway system reduces manufacturing and distribution costs in the large domestic market which makes the U.S. products more competitive in world markets and increases employment.
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Little Rock Nine inspired many African Americans to stand up for themselves and against racism. This event gained national media coverage, showing America the true reality of Governor Orval Faubus's mobilization of the Arkansas National Guard, as an attempt to prevent the nine African American students from integrating into the high school. They also helped desegregate schools which later lead to the desegregation of other public areas. -
The Presidential election of 1960 was one of the closest in American history. As television grew popular, this debate was in favor of Kennedy because of it being a live broadcast. The tensions were high between the U.S. and the Soviets, with the Cold War being a prominent issue. Kennedy won the election, with a major win. After this election, future candidates for the presidency focused on appearance because of television and were required to raise more money for advertisement. -
Ruby Bridges, at the age of six, advanced the cause of civil rights by becoming the first African American student to integrate an elementary school in the South. She became one of many symbols of the civil rights movement by being the first black child to desegregate the all-white William Frantz Elementary School. She showed how it is possible for a school to be with all races. That the color of your skin doesn't indicate whether you're smart or not and that everyone deserves an education. -
The disaster at the Bag of Pigs had a lasting impact on Kennedy's administration. It was a failed attack launched by the CIA in an attempt to push Cuban leader Fidel Castro from power. After the failed attempt, while the Kennedy administration planned Operation mongoose, Khrushchev reached a secret agreement with Cuban premier Fidel Castro to place Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba to deter any future invasion attempt, leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis. -
After the photographic evidence showing Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba had been confirmed, President Kennedy organized a secret meeting of senior advisors at the White house. Kennedy and ExCom determined that the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba was unacceptable. They had to figure out how to remove them without initiating a nuclear war. The crisis strengthened Kennedy's image and also helped mitigate negative world opinion regarding the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. -
The march helped pave the way for both the ratification of the 24th Amendment to the constitution and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It advocated for equality and justice and had an incredibly large turnout. As a result, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were signed as a way to improve the issues of discrimination, segregation, and disenfranchisement that Dr. King highlighted in his speech. -
The 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing marked a turning point in the United States during the civil rights movement. It ultimately accelerated the movement since the Church was important to the black community. There would be frequent meetings there held by my civil rights activists. The tragedy gained major media coverage, showing how the KKK and racist groups are targeting innocent African-Americans after four young girls died in the bombing.
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The assassination of JFK shocked the nation. After his death, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was put on by Lyndon B Johnson after he rose to the presidency as a vice present. Kennedy's death was mourned by Americans and international people all over the world, however, his impact on civil rights didn't end there. His assassination and Johnson's masterly leadership guaranteed the eventual passage of the civil rights bill and the tax cut. -
Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal. The movement helped spawn a national crisis that food intervention by the federal government to overturn segregation laws in southern states, restore voting rights for African-Americans, and end legal discrimination in housing, education, and employment. -
Selma's Bloody Sunday became another turning point in the Civil Rights Movement. The assault on civil rights marchers in Selma Alabama helped lead to the Voting Rights Act. The persistence of the protestors and the public support associated with the marches from Selma to Montgomery caused the Federal government to take action. The marches reduced the disparity between Black and white voters in the U.S. and allowed a greater number of African Americans to participate in politics and government. -
The voting rights act had a great impact. By the end of 1965, a quarter of a million new Black voters had been registered, one-third by federal examiners. the act banned the use of literacy tests, provided for federal oversight of voter registration in areas where less than 50% of the non-white population had registered to vote, and authorized the U.S. attorney general to investigate the use of poll taxes in state-local elections. -
Dr. King's assassination changed America 50 years ago, and it still affects us today. Dr. King helped reimagine America's collective moral and political imagination, writing in "Letter from Birmingham jail" that racial justice compromised one of the fundamental principles of American Democracy. He inspired many minorities to advocate for democracy and end segregation. His powerful "dream" speech still influences others today, wishing that everyone receives equal opportunities in life.
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