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104 English men, The Virginia Company of London, arrived in North America to start the first permanent settlement named after King James I. The Englishmen shared land with Powhatans. The fort was triangle shaped with a bulwark at each corner with artillery. The English started dying of diseases and starvation, but Chief Powhatan stepped in and saved most of the population with gifts. John Rolfe arrived years later introducing tobacco for profit. English and Opechancanough had many ups and downs. -
"to unite their Majesties Protestant subjects in interest and affection", passed by Parliament, which allowed SOME dissenters, protesting Protestants, freedom to worship publicly, own preachers/teachers, subject to certain oaths of allegiance. They were still denied political office, political and social disabilities stayed the same. This led to occasional conformity, fines for anyone found worshipping at nonconformist meetinghouses. By Henry Saint John to prevent growth of schism. -
Occurred in colonial Massachusetts, 200+ people were accused of Witch Craft, Devil's magic, and 20 were executed. Later, the colony said it was a mistake and compensated the families of those convicted. The General Court ordered a day of fasting and soul-searching for the tragedy of Salem and declared the trials unlawful. In 1711, the colony passed a bill restoring the rights and good names of those accused and granted £600 restitution to their heirs. -
The Proclamation Line prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from French following the French and Indian War. It helped British governmental efforts to discourage westward expansion. They were scared it would encourage Native American violence along with resistance from French Settlers would cause another conflict. Britain also saw it as a threat to mercantile economic system, colonies becoming economically independent agriculturally. Most colonist did not listen. -
Direct tax on colonist that required legal documents/printed materials must bear a tax stamp provided by commissioned distributors who would collect the tax in exchange for the stamp. The law applied to newspapers, deeds, wills, pamphlets and dice/playing cards. This caused colonist to start to show resistance and later, the British government repealed the Stamp Act with the Declaratory Act, a reaffirmation of its power to pass any laws over the colonists that it saw fit. Both acts caused anger. -
Tensions had already been high between soldiers and colonists. It started off as a street brawl between American colonists and a lone British soldier, but then turned into a chaotic, bloody mess. The conflict stirred up anti-British sentiment and paved the way for the American Revolution. 5 colonists were killed and 6 wounded. John Adams defended the British in court. Tensions increased and colonists rebellion continued. -
Colonist boycotted tea sold by British East India Company. The Tea Act was passed, angering colonist more. Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, held rallies against taxation causing 342 chests of Tea to be dumped into the harbor by 100 colonist. Coercive Acts was then passed, closed Boston Harbor, ended Massachusetts Constitution, moved judicial authority to Britain and British judges, colonists had to quarter British troops on demand, &
extended freedom of worship to French-Canadian Catholics -
The start of American Revolutionary War. The British set out from Boston to capture rebel leaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock in Lexington and to destroy the Americans store of weapons & ammunition in Concord. The colonists were warned that the British was approaching. Sam Adams and John Hancock escaped and the local militia hid as much of their ammunition & weapons. British lost 73 men and 174 wounded. The Americans lost 49 men and 41 wounded. -
Approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, and announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain. It explained why the Congress on July 2 “unanimously” had resolved that “these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be Free and Independent States.” -
Two battles, fought eighteen days apart, and was a decisive victory for the Continental Army and crucial turning point in the Revolutionary War. 1st battle, British suffered twice the number of casualties than Americans and couldn’t continue their drive to Albany. 2nd battle, Out of supplies & options in freezing cold, Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates. Continental Army. It gave the Patriots a morale boost and persuaded French, Spanish and Dutch to join their fight against a mutual rival. -
With an American victory. Outnumbered and outfought during a three-week battle they had some losses, British troops surrendered to the Continental Army and their French allies. This last major land battle of the American Revolution led to negotiations for peace with the British and the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. -
Ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France. France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, which ended any foreign military threat to the British colonies there. Signed by Britain, France, and Spain. Marks the end of American Revolutionary War. Britain acknowledged independence of U.S., Colonial empire of British was destroyed in North America, U.S. boundaries were established. -
When it was decided how America was going to be governed and addressing weak problems under the Articles of Confederation.. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton wanted to create new government rather than fix the existing one. Delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. 70 delegates had been appointed, only 50 showed up. Some major debates discussed were representation in Congress, the powers of the president, how to elect the president, slave trade, and bill of rights. -
Diplomatic incident between U.S. and France. With the U.S. trying to stop war with Great Britain, U.S. signed the Jay Treaty, limited the ability of nations that were hostile to Great Britain to trade in U.S. ports. Great Britain and France were at war so, France was considered a hostile nation. France then retaliated by seizing American ships. Attempts at negotiating a compromise with France failed when American diplomats refused to pay money to meet with French Foreign Minister Talleyrand. -
With fears of enemy spies invading American society, the Federalist majority in Congress passed 4 laws. These laws raised the residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, authorized the President to deport aliens and permitted their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during wartime. One of the first tests of freedom of speech. -
A land deal between the United States and France, which the U.S. acquired 820 thousand square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. It doubled the size of the U.S. It also strengthened the country materially and strategically, provided a quick and powerful way to westward expansion, and confirmed doctrine of implied powers of the federal Constitution. -
Final major battle of the War of 1812. Was fought between the British Empire and U.S. The British thought capturing New Orleans would give them control over the Louisiana Purchase. President Andrew Jackson lead American troops who defeated the much larger British force. This gave Americans hope for a quickly victorious end to the war. -
In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, Henry Clay wrote this. Missouri would be admitted to the union as a slave state, but would be balanced by the admission of Maine, a free state, that had wanted to be separated from Massachusetts. Second, slavery was to be excluded from all new states in the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri. People on both sides of the controversy saw the compromise as deeply flawed. -
A foreign policy statement which created separate spheres of European and American influence. The United States promised to keeps its powers in the Americas and British powers in Europe. This laid the groundwork for U.S. expansionist and interventionist practices in future decades. It also stopped Europe from colonizing America territories. It was enunciated by president James Monroe. -
It was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. It authorized the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy. Mainly in Southeast. Provoked Trail of Tears. -
An enslaved man who led a rebellion of enslaved people. His action set off a massacre of up to 200 Black people in Virginia and a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of enslaved people. 60 white people were slain. Nat Turner was captured, tried, and hung. He got rid of the white Southern belief that slaves were happy with their lives or too docile to undertake a violent rebellion. His revolt hardened proslavery attitudes among Southern whites. -
In beginning of Texas' war for independence from Mexico, a group of Texan volunteers led by George Collinsworth and Benjamin Milam overwhelmed the Mexican garrison at the Alamo and captured the fort, seizing control of San Antonio. It became a symbol of heroic resistance and showed their struggle for independence. -
Annexation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America. It admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29, 1845. The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836. It was admitted as a slave state. It also contributed to the coming of the American-Mexican War. The conflict started, in part, over a disagreement about which river was Mexico’s true northern border: the Nueces or the Rio Grande. -
Was the first women's rights convention in the U.S.. Held in Seneca Falls, NY, the meeting launched the women's suffrage movement, which more than seven decades later ensured women the right to vote. It fought for social, civil and religious rights of women. 300 people, only women were allowed to attend & second day men could, showed up. The convention discussed 11 resolutions on women’s rights. organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Mary M’Clintock, Jane Hunt, Martha Coffin Wright. -
Enacted by Congress and was part of the Compromise of 1850. The act required slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. The act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying escaped slaves. If they were unwilling to assist or aided a fugitive in escaping, they were subject to fines and prosecution. They also took free blacks from the North and sent them back to the South. -
Harriet Beecher Stowe Novel. Tells the story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved who is noble& steadfast in his beliefs. While being taken by boat to auction in New Orleans, Tom saves the life of Little Eva, young girl. Her father buys Tom. Eva and Tom become close. Eva’s health begins to decline fast, and on her deathbed she asks her father to free all his enslaved people. He tries to do so but is killed. Tom’s new owner has Tom whipped to death after he refuses to tell the whereabouts of escaped slaves. -
Repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery & anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas. 55 people were killed. Significantly shaped American politics and contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Many Northerners intended to prevent slavery. Even after this event, violence continued. Inspired Return of John Brown and helped him raise money for raid on Harpers Ferry, which failed and Brown was executed. -
Dred Scott was an enslaved person. Scott’s case reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that he was not entitled to his freedom and, more broadly, that African Americans were not U.S. citizens. Scott and his wife, were aided by antislavery lawyers, sued for their freedom in a St. Louis court on the grounds that their residence in a free territory had freed them from the bonds of slavery. It also said he could not sue in a federal court. -
Enacted during the Civil War, it provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land. Claimants were required to “improve” the plot by building a residence and cultivating the land. It accelerated the settlement of Western territory. It also gave African Americans an opportunity to own land. Abe Lincoln signed it into law. -
It was largest battle of the American Civil War and the largest battle fought in North America, 85,000 men were in the Union's Army and 75,000 in Confederacy Army. The battle was three days long. The Union owned the victory. This battle stopped the Confederates from advancing ahead and killed any chance of Europe becoming part of it. -
Actor John Wilkes Booth, a confederate sympathizer entered the presidential box at Ford's Theatre. Booth shot President Abraham Lincoln. As Lincoln slumped forward in his seat, Booth leapt onto the stage and escaped through the back door, breaking his leg during all the commotion. This happened 5 days after Confederate Robert E. Lee surrendered his army at Appomattox Courthouse and ended the Civil War. -
President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and made sure U.S. would have access to the Pacific northern coast. Russia had offered to sell its North American territory to the United States on several times, but the outbreak of the American Civil War stopped the process. -
Marked the most decisive Native American victory and the worst U.S. Army defeat in the long Plains Indian War. The death of Custer and his men outraged many white Americans and proved their image of the Indians as wild and bloodthirsty. 1,200 native Americans fought and it showed the height of Native American power in the 19th century. The battle is also called "Custer's Last Stand" because, rather than retreat, Custer and his men stood their ground. Custer and his men were killed. -
A secret deal that settled the 1876 U.S. Presidential election. The deal showed that Rutherford Hayes would become the next president and he Democrats would regain political power in the southern state governments. It also said he would remove federal troops from South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. It ended the Reconstruction Era. Southern Democrats' lied about protecting civil and political rights of blacks. -
A bomb was thrown at a squad of policemen attempting to break up what had begun as a peaceful labor rally. The police responded with wild gunfire, killing several people in the crowd and injuring dozens more. This created panic and hysteria in Chicago and increased anti-labor and anti-immigrant sentiment and suspicion of the international anarchist movement, throughout the country.
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Direct sequel to Indian Appropriations Act of 1851. Furthered American government's interests in securing land previously owned by Indians and their assimilation to Euro-American culture. It allowed the federal government to break up tribal lands. Federal government aimed to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream US society by encouraging them towards farming and agriculture. This ended in government stripping 90 million acres of tribal land from Native Americans.
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It granted Congress the power “to Regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States”—to regulating railroad rates, in many monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. Small businesses and farmers were protesting as well. -
The slaughter of approximately 150–300 Lakota Indians by United States Army troops in the area of Wounded Knee Creek in southwestern South Dakota. The massacre was the climax of the U.S. Army's late 19th-century efforts to repress the Plains Indians. following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp Black Coyote's rifle went off, the U.S. Army began shooting at the Native Americans. -
Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. The case came from an 1892 incident in which African American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for Black people. The Court ruled that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal". -
It extended U.S. territory into the Pacific and highlights results from economic integration and the rise of the United States as a Pacific power. Annexation was achieved due to the perceived threat of the Japanese invasion. -
Long fight to win the right to vote for women in the United States. It took activists and reformers 100 years to win that right, and the campaign was not easy: Disagreements over strategy threatened to cripple the movement several times Iit resulted in passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which finally allowed women the right to vote. -
Was the collapse of stock prices that began on Oct. 24, 1929. By Oct. 29, 1929, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had dropped 24.8%, marking one of the worst declines in U.S. history.1 It destroyed confidence in Wall Street markets and led to the Great Depression. Low wages, the proliferation of debt, a struggling agricultural sector and an excess of large bank loans that could not be liquidated were many reasons. -
10,000 to 25,000 World War I veterans, with their wives and children, converged on Washington, D.C. demanding immediate bonus payment for wartime services to alleviate the economic hardship of the Great Depression. Highly symbolic of the federal government's responsibility for the prosperity of the American worker. It was a short leap for many Americans from the bonus marchers to questioning Hoover's opposition to aiding unemployed workers at large. -
Established a system of old-age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the physically handicapped. Signed into law by President Roosevelt. Conservatives argued that the Social Security Act placed the United States on the road to socialism. The legislation was also profoundly disappointing to reformers, who demanded "cradle to grave" protection as the birthright of every American. -
December 7, 1941, Japan attacked US naval base at Pearl Harbor Hawaii. The surprise attack by 350 Japanese aircraft sunk/badly damaged 18 US naval vessels, 8 battleships, destroyed/damaged 300 US aircraft & killed 2,403 men. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in hopes it would destroy the US Pacific Fleet & weaken the resolve of American people. They hoped the defeat at Pearl Harbor would be devastating that Americans would give up. The goal was quick US capitulation having Japan to continue expansion. -
This landmark agreement established the core principles permitting international transport by air, and led to the creation of the specialized agency, the International Civil Aviation Organization. it also ensures that air fuel is not subjected to double taxation.
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Established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. Also implied American support for other nations allegedly threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that is still in effect. -
The world's first artificial satellite, named after the Russian word for fellow traveler, was launched from the Tyuratam launch base in the Kazakh Republic. The launch served to intensify the arms race & raise Cold War tensions. During 1950s, both the US and the Soviet Union were working to develop new technology. Sputnik made it possible to test satellite pressurization, study radio wave transmission and the density of the atmosphere and allowed scientists to learn how to track objects in orbit -
An American U-2 spy plane secretly photographed nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba. Leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13 day political and military standoff over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. This resulted in invasion of Cuba, blockade of Cuba to stop more deliveries from the USSR, and airstrikes against the missile bases. -
JFK went to Trade Mart, where he was supposed to deliver a speech. He then was struck by 2 shots fired from an open window at Texas School Book Depository. He went to a nearby Parkland Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 1pm. His accused killer, Lee Harvey Oswald, was arrested at 1:50pm. JFK sparked the idealism of new generation of Americans with his charm & optimism, championed the U.S. space program, and showed dynamic leadership during the Cuban missile crisis. -
A massive protest march that occurred in August 1963, when 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. that lasted three hours. Political demonstration held in Washington, D.C., by civil rights leaders to protest racial discrimination and to show support for major civil rights legislation that was pending in Congress. The march was successful in pressuring the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a strong federal civil rights bill in Congress. -
This act prohibits discrimination of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Also prohibited discrimination in hiring, promoting, and firing. It is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. This led to greater social and economic mobility for African-Americans across the nation, providing greater access to resources for women, religious minorities, African-Americans and low-income families.
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Robert F. Kennedy, attorney general and adviser during the administration of his brother Pres. John F. Kennedy and later a U.S. senator. He was assassinated while campaigning for the Democratic Party’s presidential nomination in 1968. After leaving the podium and exiting through a kitchen hallway, he was shot multiple times from a handgun. Kennedy died in the Good Samaritan Hospital 26 hours later. The shooter was 24-year-old Sirhan Sirhan who was sentenced to death.
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Martin Luther King Jr., the most prominent leader of the American civil rights movement, on April 4, 1968, standing on the second floor balcony of Lorraine Motel,. In response to King’s death, 100+ American inner cities exploded in looting, violence, rioting. James Earl Ray pled guilty to shooting him and received a 99 year prison sentence. He spent the rest of his life claiming that he had been framed by conspiracy that was really responsible for King’s assassination.
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On July 20, 1969, American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin became the first humans to land on the moon. About six-and-a-half hours later, Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon. They landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle. It took the men 4 days. When they came back to Earth, they splashed into the Pacific ocean with Saturn V. An estimated 650 million people tuned in to watch the event on television world wide.
