Look here Neha and Allie

Triangular Trade

Period: 1600 to 1800

Virginia

1607

• Jamestown
• tobacco
• John Rolfe
• John Smith
• House of Burgesses
• London/Virginia Co.
• Berkeley
• de la Warr

Headright System

1616

First African Labor

1619

Massachusetts

1620

• Mayflower Compact
• theocracy
• Anne Hutchinson

Plymouth Rock

1620

• Bradford

New Hampshire/Maine

1629

• John Mason and Ferdinando Gorges
• John Wheelwright

Massachusetts Bay Company

1630

• Winthrop

Maryland

1632

• Calverts
• Catholic
• Religious Toleration Act -> protestants repeal it
• manor life
• better relations with Natives

Connecticut

1636

• Hooker led congregation from MD to Hartford
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Rhode Island`

1636

• Roger Williams
• separation of Church and state
• religious tolerance

Pequot War

1637

• Pequot v. English+other tribes
• Connecticut Valley
• Pequot Tribe almost wiped out
• started b/c trading issues w/ Dutch

English Civil War

1642

• salutary neglect on colonies

Maryland Civil War

1655

Navigation Act

1660

• regulated colonial commerce
• passed by Charles II
• encouraged the colonies to have a large shipbuilding industry

English Take New York

1664

• James (Duke of York)
• Richard Nicholls
• diverse ethnicities/religions
• tension b/t Dutch and British
• Peter Stuyvesant

New Jersey

1664

• York gives land to Berkeley and Carteret
• ethnic/religious diversity
• farming
• no major cities

Carolinas

1670

• Anthony Ashley Cooper
• Fundamental Constitution for Carolina w/ J Locke
• North = backwoods
• South = aristocrats
• fails b/c fighting b/t two groups
• divides into North and South
• SC v. Huguenot
• top crop = rice

King Phillip's War

1675

• Wampanoags v. English + Mohawks
• Wampanoags collapsed, sold into slavery, villages terrorized

Bacon's Rebellion

1676

Salem Witch Trials

Period: 1680 to 1692

• accused women of witchcraft
• reflects highly religious societies
• many accused broke typical societal norms

Pennsylvania

1682

• Quakers (Fox and Fell)
• William Penn
• holy experiment
• no major conflicts with Natives
• prosperous
• Charter of Liberties

Glorious Revolution

1688

• tighter control of colonies

Dominion of New England

1688

• all of New England under Andros
• ended after Glorious Revolution

John Coode's Rebellion

1689

• Maryland citizens revolt against Catholic Lord Baltimore
• create new MD govt.
• MD now Anglican and Catholics have no rights

Slavery

Period: 1690 to 1861

• tobacco/sugar created more need for labor
• Middle Passage
• Royal African Company of England
• 1700s: indentured servitude over

Delaware Gets Own Representation

1701

The Great Awakening

Period: 1730 to 1745

• George Whitefield
• emphasized potential for everyone to start new relationship with God
• response to increase in secularism
• more piety
• John/Charles Wesley (Evangelists)
• Jonathan Edwards (Orthodox Puritan)
• divisions b/t old and new light

Georgia

1732

• General James Oglethorpe
• military barrier against Spanish
• refuge for poor/prisoners
• no Africans/Catholics/Natives
• militaristic

Stono Rebellion

1739

• African slaves rise up and kill some whites
• try to escape to Florida
• SC
• caught and killed

Benign Neglect

Period: 1740 to 1763

Albany Plan

1754

• colonists try to set up one general govt. for colonies
• proposed by ben Franklin
• no one agreed to it

French and Indian War

Period: 1754 to 1763

• colonists start banding together
• tensions b/t Britain and colonies
• William Pitt
• British won
• Brits in debt
• increased taxes

7 Years War

Period: 1756 to 1763

• Britain gets Florida

Old Immigration

Period: 1760 to 1880

• North and West
• Pennsylvanian Dutch (German), Irish
• Scots-Irish

Grenville

Period: 1760 to 1760

Proclamation of 1763

1763

• settlers can't move past line in Appalachian Mountains
• didn't work

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763

• Native chief fights to push colonists back behind Appalachian Mountains

Sugar Act

1764

• stop illegal smuggling of sugar

Currency Act

1764

• colonies can't issue paper $$$

Stamp Tax

1765

• tax on all printed goods
• direct tax

Mutiny Act

1765

• require colonists to maintain navy

Virginia Resolves

1765

• VA writes that Americans have same rights as British

Quartering Act

1765

• US must quarter British soldiers
• MA and NY refuse

Declaratory Act

1766

• Britain repeals Stamp Act but still wants to seem powerful
• says that Parliament has total power

Townshend Duties

1767

• new taxes on imported goods for England

Boston Massacre

1770

• scuffle b/t colonists and Brits -> 5 dead
• Samuel Adams makes it seem like a big deal

Tea Act

1773

• British East India Company does not pay taxes

Boston Tea Party

1773

• block ports from accepting East India Tea Company
• throw tea into harbor

Coercive Acts

1774

• closed Boston ports
• reduced colonial self-govt

Quebec Act

1774

• recognizes legality of Roman Catholic Church

First Continental Congress

1774

1. Agreed to meet again next spring
2. Rejected plan of colonial union by Joseph Galloway
3. Endorsed statement of grievances against the king
4. Approved resolutions from Suffolk, MA to have a defense and boycott 5.Non importation, non-exportation, non-consumption against England

Restraining Act

1775

• limits fish trade

Conciliatory Propositions

1775

• colonies must tax themselves at Britain's demand

Lexington and Concord

1775

• General Thomas Gage (Brit)
• Paul Revere's ride
• British tried to take ammunition supplies
• Murica wins

2nd Continental Congress

1775

• agreed to support war against Britain

Bunker Hill

Jun 17, 1775

• boosted morale
• Americans lost but held back British

Olive Branch Petition

Jul 8, 1775

• proposal for peace
• King George III rejected it

Declaration of Independence

Jul 4, 1776

• declares independence
• AMERICA
• rallies support
• wants to get $$$$ from foreigners

Battle of Trenton

Dec 25, 1776

• George Washington crosses the Delaware R

Battle of Saratoga

1777

• turning point
• led to alliance with France
• colonists win

Article of Conferation

1781

• decentralized
• loose, uneffective
• power to states
• no president, taxes, regulation

Battle of Yorktown

1781

• George Washington and RoChamBeau march to VA, Cornwallis surrenders
• fighting over but war not won
• British public wants to end war

Treaty of Paris

1783

• agree to stop fighting
• USA gets independence, territory to Mississippi River
• in return, USA must repay debts and respect Loyalists

Ordinance of 1784

1784

• western territory divided into 10 districts that could petition for statehood

Postwar Depression

Period: 1784 to 1787

Ordinance of 1785

1785

• system of surveying and selling new land
• money from sales goes to public schools

Second Great Awakening

Period: 1785 to 1800

• stopping secular rationalism
• Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists

New Ordinance

1787

• single northwest territory created out of land north of the Ohio River
• freedom of religion and prohibited slavery

Constitutional Convention

1787

• Virginia Plan (big states, representation by population)
• New Jersey Plan (unicameral legislature with equal representation)
• The Great Compromise (both plans)

Shay's Rebellion

1787

• Daniel Shay and followers want to prevent debt collection, steal weapons from Springfield
• got some tax relief and postponement of repayments
• failure at the end
• made govt realize it had to be stronger

Ratification of the Constitution

1788

Bill of Rights

1789

Naturalization Act

1790

• allows white immigrants to become citizens

Creation of Washington, DC

1790

Whiskey Rebellion

1791

• farmers in western Pennsylvania refuse to pay whiskey tax, terrorize tax collectors
• Washington send 15000 militiamen to crush uprising

Turnpike Era

Period: 1792 to 1817

Creation of the Cotton Gin

1793

Citizen Genet

1793

• French diplomat to USA tries to violate Neutrality Act

Jay's Treaty

1794

• Treaty w GB to stop them from seizing ships and impressing US citizens
• gave the US undisputed sovereignty and kept a good commercial relationship w GB
• wasn't harsh enough

Pickney's Treaty

1795

• Treaty w Spain that gave the USA the right to use the Miss. R/New Orleans
• fixed boundary of Florida
• stopped native raids across borders

Federalists End

1796

Direct Tax of 1798

1798

• tax on land and slaves to fund army and navy

XYZ Affair

1798

• Tallyrand tries to bribe USA to get a loan
• Pickney rejects it, publishes case
• public hatred towards France
• Quasi War

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798

• Alien Acts make it difficult to become a citizen
• Sedition Acts give govt power to prosecute opposition
• clearly hurting Republicans

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

1799

• Jefferson and Madison argue that states can nullify Alien and Sedition Acts

Judiciary Act of 1801

1801

• reduced number of Supreme Court justices
• Midnight appointments

Marshall Era

Period: 1801 to 1835

Marbury v. Madison

1803

• established judicial review
• says that Supreme Court can't enforce Adam's midnight appointments

Louisiana Purchase

1803

Burr Conspiracy

1803

• extreme Feds want Northeast to secede, choose Aaron Burr as leader
• Burr loses NY election, blames and kills Hamilton
• was going to try to make a new nation in Mexico and separate Louisiana from the USA
• arrested for murder, acquitted by Marshall

Lewis & Clark

1806

Embargo Act of 1807

1807

• prohibits all US ships from leaving ports
• causes depression

Canal Era

Period: 1817 to 1844

Social Darwinism

1859

• "natural selection" and "survival of the fittest" ideas of Darwin but applied to society
• resistance, but more widely accepted later and helps growth of anthropology

Shift Towards Universal Schooling

Period: 1865 to 2017

• 1900 compulsory attendance laws in 31 states and territories, but rural areas lagged in funding and blacks had no access in the South
• 1870s attempts to force Indians to assimilate by education and separation from tribes, but fails bc little funding, bad admin, poor teaching, Indian resistance
• 1865 "Land Grant" Institutions - fed gov land donated to establish colleges
• seminary colleges, more education opportunities but mainly for white women

Strength of Populism Movement

Period: 1867 to 1896

• started with Kelley's Grangers (1876-1880)
• G: scientific agricultural techniques, marketing cooperatives, 1870s Granger laws to subject RR regulation (fails)
• Farmer's Alliances (1875- 1896 -successor)
• A: local problems, cooperatives, orators (Lease), Pop Party (1892- fairly successful)
• Ocala Demands- party platform- subtreasuries, abolition of national banks, RR regulation, gov operated banks, remonetization of silver -ended with fall of Populist party, strongest with western farmer

Pragmatism

1870

• society should rely on test of scientific inquiry, not inherited ideals or morals
• creation helped by Social Darwinism
• William James, Pierce, Dewey

Demonetization of Silver

1873

• called Crime of '73
• only gold used to back currency, not silver

Election of 1880

1880

• R (Half Breed Pres) Garfield and (Stalwart VP) Arthur v D General Hancock
• Garfield wins, try to defy Stalwarts with appointments and killed in 1881
• Arthur promotes reform bc spoils system discredited by Garfield assassination (against Stalwarts), supported civil service reform like Garfield, kept most Garfield appointees (sets own independent course)

New Immigration

Period: 1880 to 2000

• South and East
• more Asian (Chinese)

Pendleton Act

1883

-Pendleton Act- first nat civil service measure to require some fed jobs filled by competitive written exams (slow expansion)
- Republican Arthur Presidency

Election of 1884

1884

• R Senator Blaine v D NY veto governor Cleveland
• Cleveland won narrowly bc "rum, Romanism, and rebellion" and large Catholic vote for Democrats in NY- asked for reduction in tariff
• no major difference in party platform- election of personal invective

Interstate Commerce

1887

• Interstate Commerce Act: banned discrimination in rates btwn long and short hauls and requires RR to publish reasonable rate schedules, but ineffective bc poor enforcement (little effect + response to pub pressure for RR regulation)
• Cleveland administration (2nd term)

Election of 1888

1888

• (R) Ben Harrison v (D) Cleveland
• Harrison wins- election about tariff
• Harrison Passive, but many social issues esp in time when citizens want to curb trust power
• Sherman Antitrust Act (July 1890): symbolic act to deflect public criticism- cuts power of trusts and consolidation laws, but no impact bc weakened and mainly used against labor unions
• McKinley Tariff (oct 1890)- highest protective measure ever proposed

McKinley Tariff

1890

• McKinley Tariff (oct 1890)- highest protective measure ever proposed -Harrison presidency, Republicans thought they won election bc of tariffs, misinterprets

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890

• Sherman Antitrust Act (July 1890): symbolic act to deflect public criticism- cuts power of trusts and consolidation laws, but no impact bc weakened and mainly used against labor unions
• Republican Harrison presidency

Election of 1892

1892

• (R) protectionist Harrison, (D) anti-protectionist Cleveland, (Populist) economic reformist Weaver
• Cleveland and Democrats dramatic win president and both houses of Congress bc neg response to McKinley tariff
• Wilson-Gorman Act: modest reductions in tariff
• Interstate Commerce Act: banned discrimination in rates btwn long and short hauls and requires RR to publish reasonable rate schedules, but ineffective bc poor enforcement (little effect + response to pub pressure for RR regulation)

Panic of 1893

1893

• lasted until 1901
• Philadelphia and Reading railroads fail
• stock market collapses, banks that invest collapse too
• contraction of credit
• loan dependent businesses go bankrupt
• worsened by euro depression
• 20% of labor force lost their jobs
• provokes Coxey's Army 1894 (public works program, fails)

Venezuelan Dispute

1895

• GB colony and Venezuela border conflict
• US makes GB agree to arbitration with US
• cites breach of Monroe Doctrine

Ashcan School of Art and Modernism

Period: 1895 to 1913

• work produced startling in its portrayal of social realities of era
• rep turning away from traditional style
• 1913 Armory Show
• modernists reject grip on past, eventually develop own strict orthodoxies

Election of 1896

1896

• McKinley vs. Bryan
• GOP backs gold standard
• Bryan wants silver coinage again
• McKinley wins
• Populists align with dems, lose
• birth of modern campaigning (Bryan)

Open Door

1898

• US economic policy with China
• respect the rights and privileges of other nations in the spheres
• still collect Chinese tariffs in the spheres
• nations can't discriminate against each other in spheres

Spanish American War

1898

• tensions rise with Maine explosion and DeLome letter
• US aids Cuban rebels
• short, many deaths from disease
• supply and mobilization problems
• US wins and gets Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines (kinda)
• inspires Root's military reforms

Hawaii Annexation

1898

• americans control Hawaii with sugar plantations
• planters overthrow Queen Liliuokalani 1893
• want to avoid American tariffs on sugar
• response to elimination of Hawaiian sugar privilege

Philippine War

Period: 1898 to 1902

• Philippines used guerrilla tactics
• US became brutal
• rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo
• most bloody war
• ended when Aguinaldo signed doc telling supporters to stop fighting
• Filipino economy linked to US economy

Samoa

1899

• shared by Germany, US, Great Britain
• US divided islands with Germany
• GB got other pacific islands
• waystation for US ships

Boxer Rebellion

1900

• revolted against foreigners in China
• US intervened to prevent partition of China
• won support for Open Door
• ended with international expeditionary force

Election of 1900

1900

• Bryan (dem) vs. McKinley (GOP)
• McKinley wins
• urban interests beat rural interests
• nation chooses imperialism
• Bryan's active campaign fails

Currency Act

1900

• established gold standard
• assigned specific gold value to the dollar
• ended the battle of standards
• McKinley

Platt Amendment

1901

• prohibit Cuba from making treaties with other nations
• US has right to intervene to preserve independence, life, property
• Cuba resents this, revolts in 1906, 1912

Trump ruins America

2017