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Guaranteed citizens right to a fair trial.
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Highly bureaucratic form of government. Used the Devshirme system that took Christian boys at a young age and trained them to serve the state in positions such as Janissaries. Though it was officially Islamic, the Ottoman Empire ruled over millets (or communities that were not Islamic) who had to pay the Jizya tax to practice their own religion. Used firearms (Gunpowder Empire)
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Cause: Due to the rise of banking system in Europe, Italy became an important stopping place for Crusaders during the Crusades. With the attainment of knowledge by Crusaders in the Islamic world, these stopping places also received this information, leading Italy into their Renaissance.
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Much of present knowledge on Dar al-Islam comes from Ibn Battuta's observations of the Dar al-Islam.
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Almost 1/3 of Europe's population died to the Black Death in an era known as the Dark Ages of Europe.
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It was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China. State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict: The rebellions were 1 of the reasons the Yuan Dynasty fell and was overthrown.
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Early Ming Dynasty: Empire based in china that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty. Emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the forbidden city and the voyages of Zheng He. State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict: The earlier part of the empire that emphasized expansion and cultural expansion. Built Forbidden City. Revived civil service exam (and reinvigorated Chinese culture/traditions after the rule of the Mongols)
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An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. His voyages were ended by the Ming Dynasty to eliminate foreign influence from China and maintain the traditions of the Chinese. The government burned down his ships.
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Built chinampas-- "floating gardens" or islands for agriculture over their swampy land. Human sacrifice (Consolidated power over tribute nations) Advanced economy, trade, and governmental systems. Gender parallelism (Both sexes in a group or society have separate activities, one for females, another for males. Each having specific but different roles that compliment each other.)
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Used quipus (knotted cords) in place of writing. Extensive road system. Terrace farming. Used mita system as labor system-- everyone had to work periodically for the state in some form (later taken by Spanish). Gender parallelism.
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Includes elements of Hinduism and Islam, but ultimately an entirely new religion.
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The Reconquista was a centuries-long series of battles by Christian states to expel the Muslims (Moors), who from the 8th century ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula. Visigoths had ruled Spain for two centuries before they were overrun by the Umayyad empire (Moors).
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Led to the Columbian Exchange (Disease, plants, animals)
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Gave Brazil to the Portuguese, but Spain everything else in the Americas.
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Largest Shi'a Empire (Intensified Sunni vs. Shi'a conflict)
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King of Kongo who was influenced by the Portugese, African king that converted to christianity, requested missionaries in his land "Great Zimbabwe", then switched to paganism. Resources were exploited and African slaves were taken with his consent. The demand for the slaves grew too much and the Europeans were expanding beyond agreed upon boundaries (kidnapping citizens) and Afonso tried to stop slave trade. Portugal continued to pressure Kongo, they enslaved thousands of Africans each year.
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Spain colonized the Philippines.
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2 most notable rulers: Akbar and Aurangzeb. Akbar practiced religious tolerance, inviting people of different religions to debate with him and removing the jizyah tax. He also supported the arts (tried to establish "Divine Faith" to unite Hindus and Muslims) Aurangzeb, on the other hand, persecuted Hindus and Sikhs and contributed to the empire's decline. Taj Mahal built during this time.
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The Portuguese first began the slave trade, and it continued until the 1800s. United States and Britian banned the African slave trade in 1807 but it continued until 1866.
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A new way of thinking about the natural world, based on careful observations, a willingness for people to question accepted beliefs. Enlightenment. A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
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Ivan the (3rd) Great - Grand duke of Muscovy whose victories against the Tartars laid the basis for Russian unity (1440-1505) Overthrew Mogul rule, united Russian lands. Ivan the (4th) Terrible - Ivan the great's grandson: harsh rule, started secret police. He conquered Kazan (1552), Astrakhan (1556), and Siberia (1581), but was defeated by Poland in the Livonian War (1558-82) after which his rule became increasingly oppressive.
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Any member of the Russian imperial dynasty that ruled from the crowning (1613) of Mikhail Fyodorovich to the abdication (1917) of Nicholas II during the February Revolution.
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Cape Town outpost was intended to supply VOC ships on their way to Asia with fresh fruits, vegetables, meat and to enable sailors wearied by the sea to recuperate.
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Foreigners (the Manchu) rule China as the minority. New elite blend their ideas with old Han traditions. Enforce a single hairstyle and dress (upon Han majority) Largest of the Chinese empires.
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Overthrow of the Catholic king James II, who was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange.
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Tsar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg.
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Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.
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Battle in 1757 between troops of the British east India Company and an Indian army under Mughals; British victory resulted in control of northern India.
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The successor of Louis XV this king of France from 1774 to 1792 failure to grant reforms and economic downfall (military debts because of aid in the American Revolution) led to the French Revolution; he and his queen were guillotined (1754-1793). 1789: Storming of Bastille by the Third Estate (95% of the population) Third Estate forms the National Assembly and eventually wins control over France, leading to the Reign of Terror and later the reign of Napoleon. Declaration of the Rights of Man
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Resulted in the formation of a black independent Haiti in 1803.
Inspired by the French Revolution and its new ideas about freedom. -
Beginning of Feminism.
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Originally military leader but gave himself absolute power over France. After the French Revolutionary government set up the Constitutional government: Directory, Napoleon overthrew the government to establish the consulate. He restored the Catholic Church. Napoleon launched a massive invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. Although they were able to destroy several Russian cities, much of the Grand Army collapsed. Paris was captured in 1814 and forced Napoleon to abdicate the throne.
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Simon Bolivar's Letter to Jamaica: Response to a request that Simon Bolivar expound his views on the independence movement in Venezuela and the form of government under which the country should operate. Simon Bolivar led the Latin American Independence Movement and wanted to form Gran Colombia, but did not. Creoles unhappy with social status against Peninsulares. Independence of Bolivia, Peru, etc.
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A series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon.
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Causes: European merchants were restricted to small trading outlet in China and had an unfavorable trade balance with China, so they began trading OPIUM. China made opium trade illegal due to the growing addiction, but British refused to stop. China threw opium into the sea and caused the start of the opium wars. Effects: Treaty of Nanjing (Open the coastal ports to British trade, British given Hong Kong, limited taxes on goods, Chinese pay reparations)
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Reforms to industrialize the Ottoman empire and to eliminate corruption from the government. Response to Western influence The Ottoman Empire attempted to industrialize with the Tanzimat Reforms, but government corruption. Ottomans had internal tension, increase in nationalism among ethnic groups. In Egypt, Muhammad led the Mamluks to modernize education, taxes, develop the cotton textile industry. Young Turks: Constitution (eg. European nations) as well as Turkification of ethnic minorities
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Cause: Unequal treaties from Opium Wars made people think the Qing lost the Mandate of Heaven, Population grew a lot, Land shortages, declining harvests, and flooding led to hunger, Raised taxes Massive rebellion against the Qing by Christian. The imperial system was greatly weakened as a result of the uprising
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Cause: Indians believed that the British greased cartridge with pig and cow fat which goes against the Hindu and Muslim religious beliefs. Aim: oust the EIC / restore Mughal power (previous ruling dynasty) Effects: Abolition of EIC, Creation of Raj (governed by British)
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This independence movement against Britain (surprise, surprise), was led by Kwame Nkrumah, a leading Ghanaian nationalist who was Western-educated. His tactics were sort of similar to Gandhi’s, leading the charge as Ghanaians refused to cooperate with British authorities and boycotting British goods.
Eventually, a party pushing for independence was formed (the Convention People’s Party), and Ghana declared independence in 1957, largely peacefully. -
Similarly, British investors controlled and profited from transportation developments including the Suez Canal in Egypt. Desired a shorter sea based route to Asian trading posts, the British seized control of the Suez Canal, and then began taking over by force. Ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.
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Cause: External invasion (Defeat in Opium Wars), After: Improve military using western knowledge, Weakened China and western ideas weakened traditionalism, Internal Rebellion (Taiping) Aimed to modernize China's military to protect from internal (rebellion) and foreign (invasion) threats, support Qing. Failed: Conservative opposition (Cixi, Boxer Rebellion), shortage of capital (money and materials), Corruption, Foreign threats, lack of western knowledge
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Founded and owned the Congo Free State privately, but commits extreme human rights crimes (forced-labour system) (ex. cutting off hands of laborers) to get rubber and eventually forced to lose the Congo.
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Embraces Western ideals and modernizes/industrializes within decades. The abolition of the feudal system, granted the emperor with power once again. Causes: Commodore Matthew Perry, Effects: Establishment of a rapidly growing industrial sector based on the latest technology (zaibatsu: conglomerates), constitution, powerful military Zaibatsu became: exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.
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Unified German-speaking countries into the German empire with Prussia at its core, and was its first chancellor. Bismarck aimed to make the German empire the most powerful in Europe.
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European powers claim parts of Africa to mitigate conflict based on imperialism. Led by Bismarck in Berlin.
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Exclusive rights to trade in parts of China. Japan, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia all acquired spheres of influence in China. This struggle for economic power among the European nations caused a rise in tensions between the countries. Within a few decades, these escalating tensions would contribute to the outbreak of global war.
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The Second Boer War was fought between the British Empire and two independent Boer states, the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa.
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The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government. A Chinese secret society known as the Boxers embarked on a violent campaign to drive all foreigners from China, backed by Empress Cixi. Several countries sent troops to halt the attacks.
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- Both russia and japan wanted to expand into chinese empire
- Russia wanted coastline and ports that weren't iced
- Japan wanted land and resources for its growing population
3. Defeat by and Asian power increased internal unrest and provoked feelings of shake and anger
Russia defeated by an Eastern Country (humiliation) -
Advocated for a Muslim state in the Indian Sub-Continent. Its strong advocacy for the establishment of a separate Muslim-majority nation-state, Pakistan, successfully led to the partition of India in 1947 by the British Empire.
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Begins against Porfirio Diaz and would end with the establishment of the Mexican Constitution of 1917. Madero was the opposition against Diaz and ousted him, became president.
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Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)
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Ottomans attempted an ethnic cleansing of the Armenian Christian population in the Ottoman Empire.
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Generated widespread American support for getting involved in WWI.
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Idea was inspired by Woodrow Wilson, but the US failed to join the League of Nations due to Congress opposition and it was ultimately useless. Skeleton for the impending establishment of the United Nations.
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- Fall of the Qing Emperors
- Rising of nationalist resentment
- Nationalists convinced abdication of emperor = modernize China
- power vacuum arose
- KMT (Socialism) and CCP (Communism) fight over power
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Primary Causes in Germany included the price of war reparations as mandated by the Treaty of Versailles and the mass currency deflation which followed as a result of attempting to print money to pay back the rest of Europe and the United States. Stock market crashes and investment withdrawal affected the economy worldwide. Keynesian Ideas: Led to New Deal in the US
-John Maynard Keynes
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By 1932, Japanese troops gained control of Manchuria and established a puppet state in the region.
-The League of Nations condemned Japan's actions; Japan responded by withdrawing from the League.
-Following its withdrawal from the League, Japan began to aggressively pursue a militaristic and expansionist policy and in 1937 launched a full-scale invasion of China. -
Inspired by Keynesian Economics:
- Social Security, Welfare for the people
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Millions arrested/killed who were viewed as "enemies to state".
Put many in labor camps (gulags) -
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Green Revolution. Program of improved irrigation methods and the introduction of high yield seeds and fertilizers and pesticides to improve agricultural production; was especially successful in Asia but also was used in Latin America. Dramatically increased global food supply.
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Nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman: Nagasaki ended the war.
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Used the influence of the USSR to control China under communism. Gains support from peasants
Chinese Communist Revolution: Great Leap Forward, voting rights to women Sun Yat-sen struggled to create a stable, unified China and sought aid from the West. Soviet Union provided aid and many peasants turned and supported communism while many nationalists did not support. Mao Zedong began the communist leader of China who gains his support from agrarian peasants. -
[1935] Commonwealth of the Philippines was established with US approval.
On July 4, 1946, full independence was granted to the Republic of the Philippines by the United States. -
Gandhi leads peaceful protests for independence.
Partition itself was bloody. -
Initially, stop the spread of communism to Turkey and Greece.
Expanded to the Marshall Plan to bring aid to war-torn European countries. Europe became more firmly divided between the East and the West. Stalin prevented some Eastern European countries, such as Czechoslovakia and Poland, from receiving aid. -
Capitalism (U.S./Western Europe) against communism (USSR and China).
Lots of suspicion about motives of the other side.
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(Zionist Movement) Gave Jews a homeland, but displaced Palestinians.
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North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 European and North American countries. North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
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North (Communist) v. South Korea (Democratic) Fought between 1950 and 1953 between North Korea and its Soviet and Chinese allies and South Korea and United Nations' forces directed by the United States; ended in stalemate and creation of new borders and DMZ.
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The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of the United States proxy ruler General Fulgencio Batista's regime on January 1, 1959 by the 26th of July Movement and other revolutionary elements within the country. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator. Aided by Che Guevara.
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treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
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Conference in which representatives from twenty-nine governments of Asian and African nations gathered in Bandung, Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of the Third World in the Cold War, economic development, and decolonization. The conference denounced colonialism in all its manifestations and said that all countries in attendance would not align with either communism (USSR) or capitalism (US)
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a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. When US withdraws, South Vietnam falls to the Communist North.
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Led the de-Stalinization of Russia and argued for major innovations. Wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 discuss peaceful coexistence. lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation, premier (1894-1971) Led the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War, serving as premier from 1958 to 1964.
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Mao Zedong's idea to boost Chinese economy.
Combined farmers into small communes-- peasants not allowed to own land.
Economic downturn.
20 million died (mostly from hunger). -
1960 is referred to as the Year of Africa because of a series of events that took place during the year—mainly the independence of seventeen African nations—that highlighted the growing Pan-African sentiments in the continent.
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Mao Zedong's attempt to stop influence of capitalism.
Shipped many off to countryside for "re-education". -
FASCIST authoritarian military dictatorship: Instituting the reforms set out by the Chicago Boys. His leadership was backed by the US and was carried out through a coup against a democratically elected, leftist leader. At the behest of the advice given by the group, Pinochet forcefully transformed the Chilean economy into one of the freest market economies that the world had even seen.
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Successor to Mao Zedong as the leader of Communist China. He advocated modernizing the economy by introducing elements of capitalism in the 1980s.
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Causes: •Low output of crops and consumer goods
•Cold War led to high military spending
•Ethnic and Nationalist movements
•Denial of rights and freedoms •War with Afghanistan
•Food and fuel shortages
•Demonstrations in the Baltic states
•Gorbachev's rise to power Effects: •Soviet Union breaks up into 15 republics
•Russian republic approves of a new constitution
•Changeover to market econ in Russia
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Mandela also began with nonviolent protests against apartheid (a particularly cruel racial segregation) in South Africa with the African National Congress. This political group was famed for their peaceful protests, but when Mandela didn’t see as much progress as he would’ve liked, he joined a more violent branch of the ANC. Though he was put in jail for many years, he eventually emerged on top, becoming South Africa’s first black president in 1994.
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Failure of the UN, Hutus v. Tutsis
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The Arab Spring is a movement in the Middle East that aims to end authoritarian rule and corruption, while trying to gain democracy and economic opportunity.
Pro-democratic protests, which spread rapidly due to social media.