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Spinning Jenny
-James Hargreaves invented it in Britain.
-The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. -
Steam Engine
-James Watt created it.
- It is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. -
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American Revolution
-It served as an inspiration for France
-It Demonstrated that the liberal political ideas of the Enlightenment were more than just the word of intellectuals. Weber: -
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Industrial Revolution
-This stage included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools.
-It was best and started in Great Britain
-Due to the Industrial Revolution, population skyrocketed and there was less cleanliness. -
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French Revolution
-It was an influential period of social and political upheaval in France.
- It triggred the global decline of theocracies and absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and democracies. -
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Great Fear Ravages The Countryside
-Peasants start to riot often.
-Aristocracy gave fuedal rights, tax-exemption rights, and hunting rights. -
3rd Estate Declares itself the National Assembly
-The National Assembly was a revolutionary assembly.
-It was formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General.
-It showed that the 3rd estate is looking for revolution.
-A few liberal nobles and many clergy support the movement. -
Oath of the Tennis Court is Sworn
-After being locked out of their meeting room by their French Monarch, deputies of the Third Estate assembled on a
tennis court
-Did not to separate until a constitutional regime was established. -
Storming Bastille
-The medieval fortress and prison in Paris known as the Bastille represented royal authority in the center of Paris.
-The storming represented the abuses of the French Monarchy. Its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution. -
National Assembly Abolishes Feudal Privileges
-They ended of feudalism (the nobility held lands from the Monarch in exchange for military service and the peasents just live on the lord's land and serve him in exchange of protection). Serfdom (status of peasants under feudalism) was also riden of by the National Assembly. -
Women March on Versailles
-The Women of France march along Versailles and force the Royal Family to relocate.
-They go to Paris and is considred a prisoner.
-The National Assembly declares its inseparability from the king. -
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Romantic Movement
-It was kind of a reaction to Industrial Revolution.
-The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of experience.
-It looked at humans in a greart manner. -
France Declares War on Austria
-The reason for this declaration was due to the economic struggles of France.
-The idea was to have a war, and increase economy. -
September Massacre Occurs
-Mob starts storming prisons and executing people a lot were nobility
-Under the direction of the Pairs Commune about 1,200 prisoners were taken from the jails of Paris and executed.
-Contained the political clubs Jacobins and Girondists. Robespierre had the most popular support as leader of the jacobins. -
Louis XVI is Executed
-This is basically a statement that told the world that France will not be the same again.
-They didnt like the monarch, so they captured and got rid of him. -
Combination Acts
-It prohibited trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers.
-It was repealed in 1824.
-It was repealed because of theympathy for the plight of the workers. -
Napoleon Overthrows Directory
-Set up a Consulate based on universal male sufferage.
-In reality,he was a dictator. -
French Voters Overwhelmingly Approve Napolean's New Constitution
-Napoleon is great at influencing the public.
-The French People basically get brainwashed by Napoleon.
-Napoleon could litteraly make the public do whatever he wants them to do with his actions and words. -
Napoleon Signs The Concordat
-It was with Roman Catholic Church
-Ended Civil Constitution of Clergy. Napoleon needed a united nation and that included a united religion. He didnt want war on religion.
--Reinstated Pope anddeclared Catholicism as national religion for Nationalism. -
France signs the Treaty of Ameins with Britain
-France and Britain called a truce.
-It was signed in the city of Amiens.
-The Peace of Amiens lasted only one year and was the only period of peace during 1793 and 1815 -
Battle of Trafalgar
-Britain becomes the winner against French and the Spanish.
-Admiral Nelson (British) dominated Napoleon (France)
-France lost because Britain's navy was significantly stronger.
-The loss ended Napoleon's hope of invading England. -
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Metternich Serves as Australian Foreign Minister
- He was a conservative, he also believed in monarchy and not changing things. -He often opposed liberists.
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Strike of Manchester Cotton Spinners
John Doherty led the Manchester spinners on two occasions and attempted to set up a national union for cotton spinners.
-Doherty also led the Manchester spinners in a 6 month strike against wage cuts. -
Napoleon Invades Russia
-France is becoming the superpower of Europe
-They are dominating over most countries and expaning
-He invades Russia with 600,00 men -
The Quadruple Alliance is made
-France is becoming too strong for rest of Europe to simply sit back.
-Russia, Prussia,Austria, and Britain for the allience -
Napoleon Loses
-Grand Coalition marches on Paris
-Napoleon abdicates
-He is exiled to Elba -
Holy Alliance Formed
-It was an allinance formed between the monarchist great powers, Russia, Austria and Prussia.
-It was created after the ultimate defeat of Napoleon.
-The reason of the alliance was to restrain republicanism and secularism in Europe.
-The decision was influenced by the French Revolution. -
Corn Laws
-They were tariffs on imported grain designed to keep grain prices high to favour producers in Great Britain.
-It rose food prices and became the focus of opposition from urban groups who had less power than rural Britain. -
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Napoleon Escapes
-Napoleon escapes from Elba
-He then goes back to ruling France
-He then dies at the Battle of Waterloo -
Carlsbad Decrees Issued
- It was a set of reactionary restrictions. -It was located in The German Confederation.
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Greens Wins Independence
-A great war called War of Greek Independence occured
-A lot of other countries from other lands interfered in the war.
-They get there freedom from the Ottoman Empire. -
Reform Bill
-The bill introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales.
-Before the reform, most members nominally represented boroughs. -
Factory Act
-Government passed a Factory Act to improve conditions for children working in factories.
-Young children were working very long hours in workplaces where conditions were often terrible before the act.
-It really heped the child mortality rates. -
Mines Act
-it was passed by Parliament of the United Kingdom.
-It prohibited all females and boys under ten years old from working underground in coal mines. -
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Great Famine
-It was located in Ireland.
-A lot of starvation occured.
-Due to the starvation a lot of diseases spread.
-Due to all of those reasons, there was a lot of emigration. -
10 Hours Act
-It was created toensure that women and children only worked up to 10 hours a day in factories.
-Before this the people who worked often died or sufferd in poor standards. -
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Modernization of Paris
-Paris was significantlly late to the party of The Industrializing.
-So, Paris had a lot of work to do like vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III.
- It included the demolition of crowded and unhealthy medieval neighborhoods, the building of wide avenues, parks and squares, the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris, and the construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts. -
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Condition of Working Class Improves
-The main thing that improved conditons for working include laws.
-Some laws include "Mine's Act", "Factory Act", and "10 Year Act". -
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Napoleon III in France
-He was the first President of France to be elected by a direct popular vote.
-He was quite strict during his first years of rule, but then became lenient in the later years. -
Louis Pasteur
-Pasteurization is a process invented by Pasteur that stated heating beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused spoilage prevented these beverages from turning sour.
-He also studied fermentation (metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, and/or alcohol.) -
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Development of Germ Theory
-It stated that some diseases are caused by micro-organisms.
-This led to less mortality and better living conditions. -
Darvin, On the Orgin Species
-This writing really shows evelove and how much smarter humans are becoming.
-It argues that the numerous traits and adaptations that differentiate species from each other also explain how species evolved over time and gradually diverged.
-This was quite the step up for Biology during the time. -
Mill, On Liberty
-Mill was just talking about his opinions on liberty.
-"the importance, to man and society, of a large variety in types of character, and of giving full freedom to human nature to expand itself in innumerable and conflicting directions." -
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Unification of Italy
-It was the political and social movement that combined different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy. -
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Industrialization of Russia
-Russia was really late to the Industrilizing party, and they had a lot of catching up to do.
-Due to them being late, they have disadvantages like in war and society. -
Freeing Russian Serfs
-Serfdom, the system which tied the Russian peasants irrevocably to their landlords, was abolished at the Tsar’s imperial command.
-Most of the other Euro countries already did this, but due to them being late to the industrilazation, they were also late to this. -
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U.S Civil War
-The war was to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy.
-This also affected the Euro countries because it set an example for them. -
Austro-Prussian War
-It was a war fought between the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Italy on the other.
-It resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states. -
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Franco-Prussian War
-The war was basically to gain control of the southern German states.
-Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states into an alliance with the Prussian-dominated North German Confederation. -
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Kulturkampf
-It was enacted by Prime Minister Bismarck for Prussia.
-It reduced the role and power of the Roman Catholic Church.
-Priests and bishops who resisted the Kulturkampf were arrested or removed from their positions. -
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Educational Reforms
-It set the framework for schooling of all children between the ages of 5 and 13 in England and Wales.
-It affected the church because it took away funds from the Catholic Schools, so they fought the reform. -
Social Security Laws
-Before the laws, German workers were quite in suffering and had high rates in mortality.
-Most of the other Euro countries already did this, but due to them being late to the industrilazation, they were also late to this. -
Electric Streetcars Introduced
-This was a product of post-industrialization revolution.
-It made trade and transportation a lot easier.
-But it also increased demand for resource. -
"Bloody Sunday"
This is where unarmed demonstrators led by Father Georgy Gapon were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard.
-It was because they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.