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In the 18th century, liberalsim had been created and the liberals were demanding that citizens had no limits on their rights and that there should have been equality of rights and opportunity.
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Liberalism was another "ism" on the uprise and it was mainly the Greeks and Judeo-Christians who were worried about human dignity and legal equality. It was meant more for the well-educated elites.
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French soldiers like Lafayette served in America and they were astonished as to what the Revolution was and it caused a more violent and influential revolution for France.
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France's government was bankrupt and it could not adjust to all the problems. Consequently, the monarchs had to raise taxes
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Louis XVI wanted to tax properties but was opposed by the Estates General. In turn, there was a dispute over the voting that caused the 3rd estate to separate from the National Assembly and then the Tennis Court Oath was made. (They could not disband until they had written a new constitution)
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The National Assembly gave the rights to all citizens the guarantee of equality before the law and a representative government.
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Parisians stormed the Bastille and they took it. Consequently, this saved the National Assembly.
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Thoughts that the revolution would spread created fear from European Kings and the nobility resulted in the Declaration of Pillnitz. It threatend the invasion of France by Austria and Prussia.
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In 1792, there was a radicalization in France and the National Convention declared France a republic.
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This Act outlawed unions and strikes. It prohibited the trading of unions and collective barganing of British workers.
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Naopoleon signed the Concordat of 1801 that assured Catholics the freedom to worship.
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Napoleon defeated Austria and made peace with Britain which were the only 2 remaining of the 2nd Coalition.
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Napoleon created the Civil Code that allowed the middle class to safeguard their right to own property and also equality.
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He used the fear of the conspiracy to send back the Bourbons to power so he could become emperor.
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There was another war that was against the 3rd Coalition which was Austria, Russia, Sweden and Britain, resulted in British naval dominance at the Battle of Trafalgar.
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3rd Coalition collapsed at Austerlitz and Napoleon made the Confederation of Rhine by organizing the German states.
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This treaty was when Prussia lost about half of their population and Russia accepted when Napoleon reorganized western and central Europe.
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When Napoleons reign was coming to an end, with it came the Spanish Revolt and the British Blockade
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Edwin was a social reformist that wanted to increase the public health of society so it was very affordable. He played a great role in the public health movement.
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This law ceased wage regulations and permitted the labor market to be swamped with children and women.
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Napoleion ended up beating Austria, Prussia, Russia and Great Britain and stepped down from his throne. This caused another defeat at Waterloo in 1815.
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The I.R. began in Great Britain and had the first 2 factories that could not even keep up with the demand. The cotton spinning was very popular.
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Living conditions was declining from 1792 to 1815 becasue the food prices were rising quicker than wages. There was still unemployement going on.
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This law protected English landowners by not allowing the imports from foreign places of grain. This is an example of aristocratic calss power.
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Austria, Prussia and Russia, all under Metternich, led a crusade against liberalism. They formed what they were called "Holy Alliance" to check liberal and revolutionary activity.
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The German Confederation was controlled by Metternich and in turn, the Carlsbad Decrees were released. They stopped subversive ideas and organizations in the 38 German states.
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The Six Acts were what eliminated all mass meetings that was passed by Parliament. It occured because of the protests by urban laborers.
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Metternich represented the view that if monarchy, bureaucracy and aristocracy were mixed, then that was the best state. He did not like liberalism because he thought it disturbed the lower classes and it caused war and bloodshed.
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The Combination Acts were repealed. The workers continued to organize and strike.
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This Bill increased the number of voters. This was due to the growth of the middle class and their desire for reform.
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The Factory Act of 1833 confined the hours that children could work in textile factories. They did not have limitless hours of work any more.
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Joseph Lister was an English surgeon thought that a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would destroy aerial bacteria. This is where we get listerine from!
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The Steam engine was created but it replaced the coal that was used for heat. Now, the engine could be used to produce mechanical energy and to run machinery.
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The Corn Laws were repealed and free trade was established by the Anti-Corn League but at the same time the Chartist demand for male suffrage did not succeed.
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This act restricted the factory work day for women and children to only 10 hours. Tory and Whig parties were the ones who were interested in this act and passed it.
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Marx and Engles created the Communist Manifesto which has been the most important work of socialism. The industrial society was characterized by the proletariat and bourgeoisie.
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He was elected president of France. The people wanted a strong nation leader that helped and served the poeple and economy and that is why he was elected.
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There was a large creation of railroads that improved transportation and lowered the cost of them and it made larger markets and cheaper goods.This changed the vaules of the society.
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This was a time period of many illegitimate births. But after 1850, this illegitimacy decreased which indicated the growing mortality of the working class.
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This aristocracy was the idea of the trade unions and the members wanted to create groups to encourage union. They were leaning more towards capitalist ideals.
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Auguste Compte was involved with the sociology and he postulated that each of our knowledge passed through 3 different theoretical conditions.
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Paris was rebuilt by Haussmann and it was a model city. The city now had parks and sewers were improved and aqueducts were built.
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Napoleon's success was helping France's economy and his goverment influenced banks and railroads. Paris was also rebuilt.
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Cavour was Sardinia's liberal minister and central Italy was joined with Sardinia to form a united nothern Italian state. Cavour was a nationalist that wanted union for the nothern states.
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The collective owenership of the land established was undertaken. The serfs had to buy their freedom but not all of them could afford it. The peasants were more alienated because of this though.
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Louis Pasteur developed this idea that supressed the activity of living organisms in a beverage by heating it.
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Not only the Homestead Act but the Thirteenth Amendment reiforced the idea of free labor. Lincoln allowed people who had never taken up arms againt the US govt. to file an application to claim a federal land grant.
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This war was the bloodiest conflict in America. Yet it brought together all the states. The North's victory proved that democracy worked. Medical advances were improved and women had to take on other occupations like farming.
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Bismarck was a Junker politician and wanted only secure power for himself and Prussia. He became the chief minister of Prussia and thought that "blood and iron" is the way to answer Germany's questions.
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Patriotic war was used against France to bring southern Germany into the union. France was forced to accept cruel peace terms. William I became emperor of Germany.
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A group of thinkers that were popular with the upper middle class saw the human race as driven forward to progress by the economic struggle that would determine the survival of the most fit. (Natural Selection)
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Freud came up with the defense mechanisms and that human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs. Nature and origins are kept from conscious by mental devices.
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The "bloody sunday" was a massacre bewteen the tsar's soldiers and protesting workers. Nicholas II had to issue the October Manifesto that gave complete civil liberties and a populary elected parliament. This was also known as Duma.
