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The Sumerians were dominant in the third millenium BC. Independent cities were ruled by high priests in this period.
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In about 2330 BC Akkadian King Sargon I conquered Sumer and founded the Akkadian Empire.
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The city of Babylon, ruled by Hammurabi, became dominant in about 1800 BC.
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Between 1356 BC and 612 BC, the Assyrians dominated Mesopotamia. They created the Assyrian Empire. Ashurbanipal, their last great king, conquered many territories.
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