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3100 BCE
Unification of Lower and Upper Egypt by King Menes
Menes sent an army down the Nile and defeated the king of Lower Egypt in battle. In this way Menes united the two kingdoms. Unification means the joining together of two separate parts, in the case, the two kingdoms. -
Period: 3000 BCE to 2300 BCE
MESOPOTAMIA-Sumerian Period
Was an ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Known for their innovations in language, governance, architecture and more, Sumerians are considered the creators of civilization as modern humans understand it. -
Period: 2700 BCE to 2200 BCE
EGYPT-Old Kingdom
Is a period of time during the history of Ancient Egypt. It lasted from 2575 BC to 2150 BC. Over these 400 years, Egypt had a strong central government and a prosperous economy. The Old Kingdom is most famous as a time when many pyramids were built. -
Period: 2300 BCE to 1800 BCE
MESOPOTAMIA-Akkadian Empire
Was an ancient Semitic empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region in ancient Mesopotamia, which united all the indigenous Akkadian speaking Semites and the Sumerian speakers under one rule within a multilingual empire. -
Period: 2050 BCE to 1720 BCE
EGYPT-Middle Kingdom
Was a time of achievements for the ancient Egyptians. Art took on new styles and techniques, like the block style, where art was produced from large blocks of stone. Irrigation projects at the Faiyum, a large oasis on the west bank of the Nile in Lower Egypt, increased harvests. -
Period: 1800 BCE to 1350 BCE
MESOPOTAMIA-Babylonian Empire
Was a state in ancient Mesopotamia. The city of Babylon, whose ruins are located in present-day Iraq, was founded more than 4,000 years ago as a small port town on the Euphrates River. It grew into one of the largest cities of the ancient world under the rule of Hammurabi. -
1750 BCE
Code of Hammurabi
The Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice. Hammurabi's Code was carved onto a massive, finger-shaped black stone stele (pillar) that was looted by invaders and finally rediscovered in 1901. -
Period: 1550 BCE to 1069 BCE
EGYPT-New Kingdom
Egypt reached new heights of power and wealth. The territory ruled by the pharaohs expanded into new frontiers in the south, west, and east and the kings of Egypt built temples and palaces that were unrivaled by any in the world up until that point in history and well after it. -
Period: 1350 BCE to 612 BCE
MESOPOTAMIA-Assyrian Empire
The Assyrians were one of the major peoples to live in Mesopotamia during ancient times. They lived in northern Mesopotamia near the start of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Assyrian Empire rose and fell several times throughout history. The Assyrians first rose to power when the Akkadian Empire fell. -
Period: 1100 BCE to 750 BCE
GREECE-Dark Age
the interval between the collapse of the old Mycenaean civilization, which was around 1200 B.C., and the Archaic, which happened circa 800 B.C. Almost all dominant Mycenaean settlements except for Athens, collapsed, and this led to many Greek people suffering. -
Period: 753 BCE to 509 BCE
ROME-Monarchy
Discover the State of Rome's first political model, which was a monarchical form of government, from 753 BC until 509 BC. The most accepted date for the foundation of Rome is 753 BC. The first form of government in Rome was monarchical according to the archaeological findings and the legends. -
Period: 750 BCE to 500 BCE
GREECE-Archaic Period
began with a massive increase in the Greek population and of significant changes that rendered the Greek world at the end of the 8th century entirely unrecognisable from its beginning. According to Anthony Snodgrass, the archaic period was bounded by two revolutions in the Greek world. -
Period: 715 BCE to 31 BCE
EGYPT-Late Period
The Late Period of ancient Egypt refers to the last flowering of native Egyptian rulers after the Third Intermediate Period in the 26th Saite Dynasty founded by Psamtik I, but includes the time of Achaemenid Persian rule over Egypt after the conquest by Cambyses II in 525 BC as well. -
Period: 612 BCE to 539 BCE
MESOPOTAMIA-Neo-Babylonian Empire
Was a civilization in Mesopotamia between 626 BCE and 539 BCE. During the preceding three centuries, Babylonia had been ruled by the Akkadians and Assyrians, but threw off the yoke of external domination after the death of the last strong Assyrian ruler. -
Period: 509 BCE to 27 BCE
ROME-Republic
The Roman Republic describes the period in which the city-state of Rome existed as a republican government, from 509 B.C. to 27 B.C. Rome's republican government is one of the earliest examples of representative democracy in the world. Prior to the republic, Etruscan kings who lived nearby in central Italy ruled Rome -
Period: 500 BCE to 323 BCE
GREECE-Classical period
the period between the Persian Wars at the beginning of the fifth century B.C. and the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. The classical period was an era of war and conflict—first between the Greeks and the Persians, then between the Athenians and the Spartans—but it was also an era of unprecedented political and cultural achievement -
490 BCE
Battle of Maraton
At the Battle of Marathon, Athens' underdog victory stunned Persia. The surprise defeat of the mighty Persian Empire in 490 B.C. began the Golden Age of Athens and the Greco-Persian wars. A well-armed Greek hoplite (right) slays a Persian soldier in a detail from a 5th-century B.C. ceramic. -
480 BCE
Battle of Thermopiles
After three days of holding their own against the Persian king Xerxes I and his vast southward-advancing army, the Greeks were betrayed, and the Persians were able to outflank them. Sending the main army in retreat, Leonidas and a small contingent remained behind to resist the advance and were defeated. -
480 BCE
Battle of Salamis
In 480 BCE, the Greeks defeated the Persian fleet off the island of Salamis in the largest naval battle ever fought in the ancient world. The Greek victory proved to be the turning point in the war, for the Persian king, Xerxes, returned to Asia with his surviving ships and the majority of his land troops -
432 BCE
Construction of the Parthenon
The blocks were carved and trimmed by hand on-site with meticulous precision—a necessity when building without mortar. Because the Athenians were a great naval power, experts speculate that they adeptly used a system of pulleys, ropes, and wood cranes to tow and lift the marble blocks. -
Period: 323 BCE to 31 BCE
GREECE-Helenistic period
Was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, spanning as far as modern-day India. -
202 BCE
Battle of Zama
Battle of Zama, (202 bce), victory of the Romans led by Scipio Africanus the Elder over the Carthaginians commanded by Hannibal. The last and decisive battle of the Second Punic War, it effectively ended both Hannibal's command of Carthaginian forces and also Carthage's chances to significantly oppose Rome. -
44 BCE
Assasination of Julius Caesar
A group of as many as 60 conspirators decided to assassinate Caesar at the meeting of the Senate on March 15, the ides of March. Collectively, the group stabbed Caesar a reported 23 times, killing the Roman leader. The death of Julius Caesar ultimately had the opposite impact of what his assassins hoped. -
31 BCE
Battle of Actium
Battle of Actium, (September 2, 31 bc), naval battle off a promontory in the north of Acarnania, on the western coast of Greece, where Octavian (known as the emperor Augustus after 27 bc), by his decisive victory over Mark Antony, became the undisputed master of the Roman world. -
Period: 27 BCE to 476
ROME-Empire
The Roman Republic became the Roman Empire in 27 BCE when Julius Caesar's adopted son, best known as Augustus, became the ruler of Rome. Augustus established an autocratic form of government, where he was the sole ruler and made all important decisions.