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The Columbian exchange- exchange between the new world and Europe.
NW->Europe = peanuts, tobacco, Avocado.
Europe->NW = Disease (small pox, malaria), pigs, hourses most important! -
• Most settlers were men - Gentleman who wanted to make money.
• Economy centered on cash crop (tobacco).
• Distinct hierarchy (crop owners - slaves) -
• Small undertaking of religious people (separatists) -
Not having political agenda.
• Mostly families.
• Economy not centered on one thing (hunting, farming, trading...)
• No distinct Hierarchy (religious leaders were at the "Top") -
• France and England competing for land in North America (Ohio Valley)
• Rivalry and tension between British and French colonialists over wealth and territory. Effects:
*Increased colonial empire in the US
*british had big war debt - created bitter feelings towards the colonies.
*The colonies are united
*bitter feelings towards the British. -
Sugar act - limited ammount of export, raised tax of import.
Currency act - colonists not allowed to issue new bills.
Quatering act - colonists had to feed&house British soldiers.
Stamp act - raised tax on paper goods (and tea!) -
American advantages:
• dedicated officers and foreign leaders.
• Familiar land – easy access to supply.
• Highly motivated – they are fighting for a cause. -
to explain to foreign nations why the colonies had chosen to separate themselves from Great Britain.
Enlightenments ideas: every man has God-given rights. -
The constitution strengthens the federal government by:
• Power to sign peace treaties
• Power to declare war
• Power to borrow money
Check and balances:
*The president may veto a law passed by Congress.
* The Supreme Court may check Congress by declaring a law unconstitutional.
* members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president -> appointments are approved by congress. -
Anti-Federalists – Supported weaker central government (not enough power to the states).
Resolution – Bill of rights. constitutional protection for individual liberties, lists specific prohibitions on governmental power. -
Reasons:
*France and England are at war – indirectly hurt America (interrupt trading with the US, British captured America's ships)
*America desired to take over Canada from the British.
*Conflict with Native Americans who were supported by the British. -
West profited the most – received roads, canals and federal aids.
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Spain sold Florida to the US
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Maine - free, Missouri - slave
No slavery north and west of the 36-30 latitude -
7.5M immigrants - 1/3 Irish (potato famine) 1/3 German (population growth, national emigration society).
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President James Monroe - Europe is no longer allowed to colonize America/interfere.
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signed by president Andrew Jackson. Trail of tears (Cherokee tribe).
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1836 - Texas declared independence from Mexico (The lone star republic).
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California and the Southwest were acquired in the Mexican-American war (1846).
President Polk sent 4000 soldiers to Rio Grande to provoke Mexico, which caused an attack by the Mexican forces that killed 11 Americans. This event started the war. -
Mexico sold California and the Southwest to the US for $15M.
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*Potato famine *Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo *Gold discoveries
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California - free state.
D.C - no slave trades, yes slaves.
New fugitive slave rules. -
"The order of the star spangled banner" secret party that resisted immigration (protestants)
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*hired to construct the first transcontinental railroad
*Gold rush
*Central and west (california - san francisco) -
The residents of the state decide if slave or no slave.
Goal: reduce tension and to solve the slavery issue.
Result: "Bloody Kansas" (low intensity civil war). -
Emancipation Proclamation - slaves in areas of rebellion shall be freed.
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Opposed slavery - South secede from the US when Lincoln is elected.
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Applicant given land from federal government for little or no cost
*file application *improve land *Head of family/never fought the US -
No slavery in the US
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Readmitting Southern states into the Union.
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citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the US” - Constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of the freed people.
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The right to any US citizen to vote - protects Freed people.
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A plan of the democrates to overpower the republicans in the south - by threating and intimidating people to vote democrates.
END OF RECONSTRUCTION. -
Republican president but no troops in the south.
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Jim crow laws: separation facilities for black and white citizens.
14th amendment: each state can do what it decides.
15th amendment: unfair voting laws (had to pay, know how to read and write). -
10 years ban of immigration.
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*Sugar-cane and pineapple trade with the US.
*Treaty signed: Hawaii can sell ALL it's sugar to the US in return for
not trading with other countries.
*Monarchy decides: imiting influence of foreign countries in Hawaii –
American sugar business men start a revolution.
*Hawaii's monarchy is overthrown and replaced by provisional
government. -
•Cubans attempt revolution against the Spanish (The ten years war) after the war the Spanish are still in control.
•Americans support the Cubans – feel responsible to keep peace/democracy at the southern nation and also fear for their trade with the Cubans ($100M a year at stake).
*Fighting in Philippines Island and Cuba, Puerto Rico.
*Rough Riders - Group led by Theodore Roosevelt charge up San Juan hill on foot. -
Announces that the US has the right to interfere in Latin America affairs when Europe interferes. "National policeman"
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US help Panama to get independence from Columbia - The new Panama's government sold US the land for the Panama canal ($10M)
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Using wealth instead of military strength for aggressive foreign policy. Lend money to Latin America and kept them in debt to the US.
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Believed democracy to be the most essential aspect of a stable nation; US most promote democracy throughout the world.
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Banned certain people from entering the US (homosexuals, criminals, mental ill etc.)
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Temporary guest workers program - 4.5M Mexicans.
*Beginning of illegal immigration from Mexico.