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War opposing the 13 Colonies against Britain. Resulted in the independence of the 13 Colonies.
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Made western lands part of the public domain
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The British established the Proclamation Line to protect the Indians from the American people. The Americans were not supposed to settle beyond that line.
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End of the War of Independence
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Set of rules to administer the distribution of lands in the Northwest territory.
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US army versus Native Confederacy
Battle of the Fallen Timber (1792)
Treaty of Greenville (1795) -
This Ordinance is the law and regulation of the Survey System
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Major Indian victory war (Northwest Indian War)
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Major Indian defeat (Northwest Indian War)
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The Treaty of Greenville marked the end of the Northwest Indian War, set the Greenville treaty line after, marking the border between Indian lands and white settlers (those borders were not respected by the Americans)
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Became President after George Washington's retirement. He was his vice-president. President from 1797 to 1801
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President from 1801 to 1809.
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Benjamin Franklin buys Louisiana from the French for 15M$
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Expedition made to explore the Louisiana territory but also for economic motives. Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.
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Founded by an immigrant named John Jacob Astor in the Great Lake region. One of the largest and wealthiest business in the country
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President from 1809 to 1817
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Created by John Jacob Astor. Fur trading town of Astoria created in Oregon
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President from 1817 to 1825
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Both American and British settlers signed this treaty, also known as Convention of 1818. Britain has the control over interior lands and the US over coastal lands
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Britain and the US argue about who discovered Oregon first.
For the British : James Cook (late 1770s), George Vancouver, Alexander Mackenzie (1793), Simon Fraser (1807), David Thompson (1811)
For hte Americans : Robert Gray and Benjamin Kendrick (1781) -
Indian tribes are deported west of the Mississippi River.
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Was created in 1821 after the rebellion, Texas territory no longer under Spanish authority.
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Steven Austin (An empresario) was the leader of the migration. He had to bring american people in the territory to increase the population and develop the territory. By 1830 the population increased by 20000 american in the territory.
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All the matters concerning the Indians were handle by the BIA. Was created to centralise the Indian power.
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President from 1825 to 1829
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President from 1829 to 1837
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Introduced by Andrew Jackson in the Congress. Indians had to move on west of the Mississippi river.
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By 1830 Texas was outnumbered by americans. They had to pay back their taxes from 1824 to 1830. They started to rebel, asked to lower the taxes and for separated statehood. Texas was americanized
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In 1829 gold was found on Cherokee land and states authorities ordered Indian land to be seized. Cherokees resisted by going to the Supreme Court. They couldn't be heard as they are not American citizen but the Supreme Court declared that the state couldn't force the Cherokee to leave their land.
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Worcester was a missionary who accepted to represent the Cherokee during this trial. The Supreme Court once again affirmed that Georgia couldn't force the Cherokees to leave their land. However, Georgia didn't comply.
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He increased the mexican troops in Texas because of the threat of rebellion (Americans)
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This treaty set the removal of the Indians from their lands in Georgia.
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Famous battle. Jim Bowie and David Crockett died with all the others in the military garrison of Alamo
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After the battle of San Jancito, Santa anna had to recognized Texas's independence in 1836. It remained as an independent state until 1845.the Republic of Texas had Sam Huston as its president and had his own flag, "The lone star flag"
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The Cherokees are force to move west of the Mississippi River. Led to many deaths.
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President from 1841 to 1845
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This emigration was led by Lansford Hastings leader. A hundred people emigrated to Oregon during this emigration.
1844 Census of Oregon said 6000 American people living here -
President from 1845 to 1849
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Texas was annexed under John Tyler but entered the US under James K. Polk term.
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Britain gives up on Oregon
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Revolt organised by John C.Frémont, mountain men and American landowners in California
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Origin of the war: The boundaries of Texas had not been decided by both countries. Mexico wanted the border to be the Nueces River and the US considered the Rio Grande as the border of Texas.
Fall of Mexico city on September 1948 under the General Winfield Scott's troops.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildago signed on 2nd of September 1848 which fixes the Rio Grande as the border and Mexico cessions Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming and parts of Nex Mexico and Colorado. -
The Mexicans are defeated by the American army and Santa Anna is defeated.
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In 1848 Oregon became a US territory
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First gold nugget found by one of the employees in Sutter's Mill.
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Us army and marines raised the American flag on the national palace and the negociations for peace started outside of the city, in Guadalupe-Hildago.
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Polk made an official statement to announce that there was indeed gold in California. Led to mass immigration of people in hope of finding gold and make a fortune.
When you find gold, you could make a Lode claim ( If you found the gold in stones) or a Placer claim (if you found it in a river) and claim the land as yours. Resulted in many fights among the miners. -
President from 1849 to 1850 (death)
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California becomes an American state. Special because didn't have to go through the territorial stage.
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California allowed whites to consider Indians as vagrant and turn them into indentured servants, children included (many kidnappings). Was repealed in 1863.
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There were 3 ways to go to California:
- By land, they could go through the Oregon Trail then go south, on the California Trail. Took 6 to 7 months.
- They could use the Panama Shortcut : took a boat to Panama then another one to California. Was shorter than the land trail.
- They could go around Cape Horn : It was actually the safest way becasue there was not tropical diseases but it was very expensive. Took 6 to 7 months. -
This act appropriated funds to move western tribes onto reservations (especially Plains Indians as they were nomadics)
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Involved chiefs of various tribes of Plains Indians. The government guaranteed to give lands on the plains to each tribes, to protect them from white intrusion and to give them supplies for the next 50 years.
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The Indian territory was reduced in size when Kansas and Nebraska opened their borders to white settlement
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Happened in Colorado, Nevada (Silver), Arizona,
Northwest : Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana -
Oregon becomes an American State
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The homestead was an area of public land in the West acres or 65 granted to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land. The occupant had to reside on the land for five years, and show evidence of having made improvements
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Cheyenne tribes were organazing raids on ranches nearby and as retailation the US Army officer John M. Chivington decided to attack them and killed almost every raid troopers. (Chief Black Kettle eventually signed the Medecine Lodge treaty)
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Navajo tribes were defeated by the army in the war and had to leave Arizona for a reservation in Mexico. They were sent in military reservation and kept prisoners of war.
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This amendement put an end to slavery and forced indentured work for black people
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This amendment gives the right to vote to black people in the US
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Treaty signed between the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the southern Plains Indian tribes in order to set them into reservations and stop their nomadic lifestyle. In exchange, the government will build schools and will help them in their transition
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Treaty signed between the Sioux and the government to allow the creation of the Great Sioux Territory (Black Hills were a part of it). It was signed by Chief Red Cloud and William Tecumseh Sherman. In exchange, the Sioux would have to stop attacking gold prospectors on the Bozeman Trail.
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During the winter of 1868, some of the Cheyenne from Sand Creek Massacre who manage to escape took refuge in the Wishita River and were all killed there by the US Army (General George Armstrong Custer)
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The 15th Amendment gave citizenship for black people in the US
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This act causes the end of the "dependent domestic nation" status and treaty-signing principle.
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The battle was a consequence of gold prospectors who kept coming to the Black Hills even though it was part of the Sioux reservation. Harsh defeat for US army and General Custer was killed
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Divided reservations into allotement for each indian head of family and the tribal government was brought to an end. The remaining lands were auctioned off to white settlers. (2/3 of indian territories lost)
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Sioux were still doing the Ghost Dance (on reservations) despite being illegal and when the white people learnt they were still doing it, they killed them.
