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Sailed in 1492
Searched for gold
Credited with "discovering America" -
• Period of cultural and biological exchanges between New and Old world. 1492
• Exchange of plants, animals, and more -
1519
Claimed new colonies for Spain
Conquered the Aztec Empire -
1532
Claimed new colonies for Spain
Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru -
Spain- conquistador
1539
Assisted Pizzaro with the conquest of the Inca
First to discover and cross the Mississippi River -
• Conquered Native Americans and established New Spain
• Land divided into states
• Harsh forced labor -
• Roanoke- 1st attempt at an English colony
• Founded Roanoke on coast of NC
• John White sailed back to England
• Virginia Dare- first baby born in America to English Parents
• When John White returned the colony was empty -
Founded by the Virginia company in 1607
1st successful settlement
Settled to make money -
• Samuel de Champlain
• 1608
• New France- along the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes
• Only allowed Catholics in new territory accept French Protestants
• Became traders
• All decisions made by French Monarch -
• Dutch Settlement in 1624
• New Amsterdam- Hudson River
• Offered huge land tracts called patroonships
• Obtained 50 tenants to colony
• Few restrictions on who were able to settle in the colony- kept settlers from being attracted to the area -
• Roger Williams
• Believed in religious freedom, separation of church and state, and fair treatment of the Native Americans
• Considered a separatist
• Banished from Massachusetts in 1636
• Left and established providence, Rhode Island on land he bought from the Native Americas
• Anne Hutchinson
• Held private prayer meetings and challenged authority of Puritan ministers and leaders
• Brought up on heresy charges in 1637
• Banished from colony and moved to Rhode Island -
• British won
• Established Britain as the most powerful country in New World
• British received all lands in Canada and East of the Mississippi River
• French and Indian War 1754-1763 -
Was a turning point in the Road to Revolution
British Won
This battle gained the British supremacy within Canada during this time -
• After the War King George issued this proclamation and cut off expansion of territory to the West
• Prevents colonists from moving West of Appalachian mts
• Increased tension between colonists and Britain -
• Required the colonies to certain goods only to England or pay a tax to sell it to other countries
• They were limited in what countries they could sell their goods to, which limited their profit -
The parliament wanted to reduce the amount of Tea that was being held by the East India Company in 1773
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• Prevents tax on sugar and molasses was not being paid
• Colonists smuggled to avoid paying taxes
• George Grenville parliament reduces tax and increases enforcement, hoping to get the taxes
• Came at the time in economic depression in colonies
• Smuggling became more dangerous and Boston merchants protested with boycotts -
• Parliament required colonists to provided living quarters to British soldiers in the colonies
• Colonists resented giving housing to the troops that were enforcing new taxes
• Listed as a grievance in Declaration of Independence -
• Printed materials must be printed on stamp paper
• Colonists started their No Taxation Without Representation
• Protested by the Sons of Liberty with violence and intimidation
• Repealed in 1766 as ineffective -
This was the act that the parliament which repealed the Stamp Act of 1765 and it also changed and reduced the Sugar Act that was placed on the colonists
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These were set of laws that the parliament passed on the colonists and they included taxes and the colonists even lost some freedoms that they once had
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• A clash between British troops and townspeople in Boston in 1770
• The British fired into a crowed that was threatening them, killing five civilizations and wounding 6 others -
• Passed by parliament in response to Boston Tea Party
• Closed Boston Harbor
• Placed a military governor in Massachusetts
• Colonists in Boston, Massachusetts could not export goods or import goods -
• The first shots starting the Revolution were fired at Lexington, Massachusetts
• On April 18, 1775 British general Thomas Gage sent 700 soldiers to destroy guns and ammunition the colonists had a stored in the town Concord, just outside of Boston -
• Purpose: Listed all the colonist’s grievances against the crown, explained why they were declaring independence
• Significance: Proclaimed the United States of America was forevermore a free nation -
• NW Ordinance and land ordinance of 1785 established patterns dividing and settling the NW territory
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Cotton gin- 1793 - cleaned the seeds out of cotton
Sped up the cleaning of seeds
Revolutionized the cotton crop
Demand for cotton from Great Britain for textile manufacturing -
• British begins to stop US ships and captured and forced the sailors forcing them to serve
• Intended to hurt the French, but hurt the US trade instead
• British agreed to stop impressing US sailors
• Get the British out of the West
• Western settlers were angry-wanted British out, so they could control the fur trade -
• Spain afraid of alliance
• Spain barred US from Mississippi river and port of New Orleans
• Needed Mississippi river for transport of goods
• Opened the southern port of Mississippi river and New Orleans
• Established the northern border between Spanish and Florida and the US -
• Thomas Jefferson v. John Adams
• John Adams elected as 2nd president
• Thomas Jefferson becomes vice president
• Federalist president
• Democratic republican vice president
• Constitution did not call for separate electoral votes for president and vice president
• Federalists era -
Introduced with muskets in 1798
Henry Ford - Assembly Line
Parts of one musket could be used as parts for another musket -
• Meeting between United States and France over the Quasi-Wars-conflict in the Caribbean over shipping and trade
• Hostility between US and France following the XYZ affair
• Convention of 1800 resolved the conflict between US and France- delicate balance with no alliance to avoid war with Great Britain -
• Battle between the Federalists and Democratic Republican
• Federalists candidate
• Incumbent John Adams
• Running mate: Charles Pickney
• Democratic-Republican: Thomas Jefferson
• Running candidate: Aaron Burr
• Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied -
Second Great Awakening
Tent meetings
A large religious movement swept the nation
Supported reforms in America
Began around 1800
Revivals led by Charles G. Finney -
British impressments of US sailors continued, in spite of Jay’s Treaty
British blockading US ships bound for France
US did not want to get involved with problems between Britain and France
President Jefferson declared an embargo(no trade) with Britain and France
Jefferson’s alternative to war
Believed it would hurt Britain and other European countries and force them to accept American Neutrality -
Launched the first successful steamboat service in 1807
Steamboats decreased travel time - made trips shorter -
Causes:
British military aid to Native Americans on the frontier
British impressments of American sailors - Jay’s Treaty
Embargo Act - Jefferson’s alternative to war
War Hawks - Pushed for war with Great Britain -
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Cherokee assisted Andrew Jackson in defeating the Creeks, who were allied with the British
Opened up the Southwest for settlement
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the War of 1812 - no gains for either side
Land boundaries returned to prewar status
Battle of New Orleans
Won after Treaty of Ghent - made Jackson a national hero
Jackson’s troops defeated the British
US suffered 8 deaths, the British suffered over 700 -
US and Britain returned land boundaries to where they were before the war
US won respect from other nations
US nationalism grew stronger
Federalist Party lost its credibility and disbanded
US manufacturing grew due to a lack of British manufactured goods
US became more self sufficient
Native American resistance declines -
James Madison was reelected
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James Monroe was elected 5th president during the Era of Good Feelings
-
US faced widespread economic problems
Foreclosures
Bank failures
Unemployment
Slump in agriculture and manufacturing
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819 - Supreme Court (John Marshall) ruled
that Congress had the right to establish a
national bank under the Necessary and
Proper (Elastic) Clause of the constitution
Adams Onis Treaty
Secretary of State - John Quincy Adams
Negotiated a treaty with Spain - 1819
US acquired Florida and established a firm
boundary between the Louisiana Territory -
1820 - The extension of slavery into new
territories divides the North and South -
conflict over state’s rights
Northern economy based on
manufacturing
Southern economy based on slavery -
“cotton kingdom” -
James Monroe is reelected as president
-
Doctrine issued by President Monroe
Stated the US would not tolerate European
intervention in the affairs of any independent
nation in the Americas
1823 - Stated American continents were no
longer open to colonization - US would view
any attempt as an act of aggression
Stated that the US would not interfere in the
affairs of other nations
Europe should stay out of western
hemisphere -
1824 - Supreme Court (John Marshall) ruled
that only Congress had the power to
regulate interstate commerce and foreign
trade -
Evidence of sectional differences within the
US
John Quincy Adams v. Andrew Jackson -
both were Democratic Republicans
Neither candidate received a majority of
electoral votes in the Electoral College
The House of Representatives decided the
election
Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, threw
his support to John Quincy Adams, and
Adams was elected president
Adams named Henry Clay his Secretary of
State - Jackson called the election a “corrupt
bargain” -
Opened in 1825
Increase in trade, decrease in shipping rates and shipping time -
1828 - Protective tariff designed to protect
northern manufacturing from competition
from cheaper British imports
Upset the south - detrimental to the
southern cotton economy
British threatened to seek cotton in other
markets due to the high cost of the tariff -
Andrew Jackson elected president
Jackson defeated Adams in part as a result
of the Tariff of Abominations -
1830 - Congress passed the Indian Removal
Act - authorized the removal of Native
Americans from the SE United States -
Virginia
Led by a slave - Nat Turner - rebellion was a
failure
1831 - Caused the south to strengthen slave
codes (laws restricting activities and conduct
of slaves) -
Founded The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper - 1831
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Pet banks a key issue of this election
Jackson won re-election
Portrayed the national banks as
institutions for the wealthy, rich, and
powerful - “pet banks” -
The Cherokee appealed to the US
Supreme Court
Court ruled that the Cherokee had a right
to remain on their land and could not be
forcibly removed -
South Carolina began protesting the Tariff of
Abominations - high tariffs on British imports
SC Senator John C. Calhoun - wrote a
pamphlet called SC Exposition and Protest
Called for state’s rights - states can nullify
laws they feel are unconstitutional
(Remember Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions?)
1832 - SC threatened to secede if the tariffs
were not repealed -
Jackson enemies felt he acted like a king -
“King Andrew”
National Republicans changed their name to
the Whig Party in 1833
Named themselves after the Whigs in
England who resisted King George III -
Increased productivity
1834
Made harvesting wheat easier -
President Jackson ignored the court’s
decision
Troops sent to round up Cherokee and move
them to Oklahoma
800 mile march in 1835
Over a quarter of the Cherokee died from
disease, starvation, and weather exposure -
1837
Allowed farmers to plow and grow crops in areas out west that’s land was too dry or hard -
Completed in 1841
Stretched 800 miles west
By 1840, a network of roads connected most of the cities and towns in the US -
1844
Telegraph - device that sends messages using electricity through wires-Instant communication -
Practiced polygamy (having more than one wife) Joseph Smith-
Leader of the Mormons killed by an angry mob
Brigham Young
Led the Mormons West to Utah for settlement in 1847 -
Wished for a “perfect society” both socially and politically
Perfectionism
New Harmony
1825 - Share everything, live in harmony
Oneida
1848 - Every man married to every woman - “free love’
Brook Farm
1841 - Based on transcendentalism
Thoreau, Emerson -
Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth
1848 - Stanton called for women to be given the right to vote
Seneca Falls Convention
first women’s rights convention
Sojourner Truth was a former slave who became known for her charismatic speaking
Also had an impact on the abolitionist movement -
• With the acquisition of the Mexican territory, the extension of slavery once again becomes an issue
• Henry Clay offers a compromise to maintain balance between the free and slave states -
• Franklin Pierce (Democrat) elected president over Winfield Scott (Whig) and John P. Hale (Free-Soil)
-
• James Buchanan (Democrat) elected president over John C. Fremont (Republicans) and Millard Fillmore (Whig & American {Know-Nothings}
-
• Douglas, Lincoln, Breckinridge run
• Lincoln wins election with no southern electoral votes -
• By February 1861, six other states joined them: Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas
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• Union soldiers had one month of supplies remaining at Ft. Sumter, SC
• Lincoln sent food for the troops, but before it arrived, Confederate soldiers opened fire
• Union troops surrendered the following day
• Civil War begins!!!!!!!!! -
• July 1861
• AKA – Manassas
• First battle between the Union and Confederate army
• Watched by citizens
• CONFEDERATE VICTORY -
• November 1862
• Vicksburg, Mississippi
• Union wanted control of the Mississippi River
• UNION VICTORY -
• Fredericksburg, Virginia
• Dec. 1862
• Large number of Union casualties
• CONFEDERATE VICTORY
• Chancellorsville, Virginia -
• May 1863
• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson killed
• CONFEDERATE VICTORY -
• Issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863
• Freed the slaves in the confederate states while preserving slavery in the border states that were still loyal to the union
• Encouraged free African Americans to serve in the army -
• Lincoln in danger of not being reelected
• Some northerners upset over the war
• Democrats nominated George McClellan – former Union general to run for president -
• Abraham Lincoln – President of the US
• George McClellan – First general to lead the Union army, fired by Lincoln
• Lack of aggressiveness
• Ulysses S. Grant – Initially in charge of the western forces; general who assumed command of the Union army in 1864
• William T. Sherman – Took command of the western forces after Grant took control of the entire Union army -
• April 1865
• Grant surrounds Lee outside of Richmond, Virginia
• Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House – Virginia
• End of the Civil War!!! -
• Congress passed with the intention of giving citizenship rights to African Americans
• Johnson vetoed it
• Congress gave an override -
• Ulysses S. Grant elected in 1868
• Administration known for corruption -
• Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) reelected president over Horace Greeley (Democratic)
-
• Grant’s administration surrounded by corruption (Whiskey Ring, Credit Mobilier)
• Samuel Tilden (Democrat) v. Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) -
• Democrats agreed to give Hayes the presidency
• Hayes elected as President
