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- Ends WWI: Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919.
- Territorial Gains: France regains Alsace-Lorraine.
- Heavy Reparations: Germany required to pay reparations to France.
- Rhineland Buffer: Demilitarization of Rhineland for French security.
- French Dissatisfaction: Some leaders like Foch felt treaty too lenient.
- Long-term Consequences: Treaty's harsh terms contribute to WWII onset.
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- Began 1931: Great Depression hits France later than the US.
- Industrial Slump: Sharp decline in production and exports.
- Rising Unemployment: Joblessness mainly in industrial sectors.
- Political Instability: Numerous short-lived governments.
- Popular Front Reforms: Left-wing coalition introduces social reforms in 1936.
- Deflationary Measures: Government policies aimed at economic stabilization.
- Protracted Recovery: Slower economic rebound compared to other countries.
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- politician
- known for his manifesto
- President from 1958 - 1961
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- Founding Member: France helped establish UNESCO in 1945.
- Paris HQ: UNESCO's headquarters are in Paris.
- Heritage Promotion: Active in promoting French cultural heritage.
- World Heritage Sites: Numerous French sites recognized by UNESCO.
- Program Contributions: Involved in UNESCO's education, science, and culture initiatives.
- Diplomatic Role: Significant role within the organization.
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- Battle for Algiers (1830)
- French occupation (1830 - 1962)
- Algerian People Manifesto by Ferhat Abbas (1943)
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Resistence group against the French occupation. This group lasted a long time and is a key element of Algerian history. Tactical, skilled in guerilla warfare and showed a great global knowledge. -
- Colonial Unrest: Viewed as a colonial issue in Algeria.
- FLN Warfare: Battled FLN guerilla fighters.
- Divided Opinion: French public split on Algeria.
- Military Deployment: Used heavy military force.
- Economic Burden: War strained French economy.
- Evian Accords (1962): Agreed to peace with FLN.
- Independence Granted: Algeria gained independence in 1962.
- Repatriation: Managed return of French settlers and loyalists
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The FLN even attended the Bandung Conference in Indonesia. -
On the day of the relection of presidency Algerians civilians protested and by nightfall the FLN manages to successfully take over the city
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- WWII Resistance: Led Free French Forces against Nazis.
- Fifth Republic: Founded Fifth Republic, modernizing politics.
- Decolonization: Oversaw Algeria's independence.
- Economic Growth: Implemented economic reforms.
- Nuclear Deterrent: Developed independent nuclear capabilities.
- Gaullism Legacy: Left lasting political ideology.
- European Identity: Advocated for strong, independent Europe.
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- Women's Suffrage (1944): French women gained the right to vote
- World Wars' Impact: Women's roles expanded due to wartime needs
- Women’s Liberation Movement (1960s-70s): Push for gender equality and reproductive rights.
- Equal Pay Law (1983): Mandated equal pay for men and women.
- Parity Law (2000): Promoted gender balance in political representation.
- Growth of Feminist Organizations
- Intersectionality: Late-century shift to recognize intersections of gender with race, class, etc.
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Failed coup on De Gaulle
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- Pied-noirs "resistance" group
- Selfish with no organization:
- Fought both the French governement AND the FLN
- scared of losing their privileges
- 4 generations
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- President from 1963 - 1965
- first elected president
- lost to Boumdienne
- From president to living his last days in exile
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Student Start: Originated with student protests.
Worker Strikes: Expanded to massive labor strikes.
10 Million: Involved up to 10 million workers.
Violence: Clashes between protesters and police.
De Gaulle Flees: President temporarily left France.
Grenelle Agreements: Led to wage hikes and reforms.
Social Liberalization: Catalyzed social/cultural changes.
De Gaulle Resigns: Stepped down in 1969. -
The agreement which made it easier for Algerians to immigrate into France- economical aspect
- Poverty and unemployment led to mass migration
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- Studied law & political science in Paris post-war, became a magistrate focusing on prisons and women's rights.
- Appointed Minister of Health 1974, legalizing abortion in France through the "Loi Veil" passed 1975.
- Elected as a Member of the European Parliament in 1979 first female President.
- Advocate for European integration, human rights, and women's representation in politics.
- Interred in the Panthéon in Paris in recognition of her contributions to French society & human rights.
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- Socialist Era: First Socialist President (1981-1995).
- Mixed Reforms: Nationalizations followed by market reforms.
- Welfare Boost: Expanded welfare, added minimum income.
- Pro-Europe: Advocated European integration, Maastricht Treaty.
- Decentralization: Empowered regional authorities.
- Cultural Projects: Backed major cultural initiatives.
- Cold War End: Steered France post-Cold War.
- Cohabitation: Balanced power with right-wing governments.
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- Cooperation with neighbouring countries: Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Mauritania
- To strengthen the north against colonialism
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1991-2002- Many parties involved including the FLN again
- started with two parties and ended with three different ones
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- 20 year long presidency
- from 1999 to 2019
- ended because of Hirak protests
- Corrupt as he rigged elections and participated in embezzlement
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- Elected 2017: Heads En Marche! party.
- Pro-Europe: Supports European integration.
- Liberal Reforms: Pursues economic and labor deregulation.
- Yellow Vest Protests: Addresses widespread unrest over taxes and inequality.
- COVID-19 Management: Leads pandemic response.
- Environmental Push: Advocates for climate change initiatives.
- Global Diplomacy: Engages actively in international relations.
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In 2019 president Abdelamaijed Tebboune incorporate the law of Engish language
- English language in primary schools now
- Before only in Secondary schools
- 14 years old vs 9 years old
- Universities included which can cause potential academic gap
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Protests against the corrupted government which take place every Friday and has paused in the COVID period but currently still an event. -
- Seven dresses (incuding one representing the region the woman is from)
- Amount of money spent on a wedding equals in pride
- villa in Greece