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This invention revolutionized the sugar industry by mechanizing the process by which sugar was refined https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/norbertrillieux.html -
The "double cotton scraper and two plows" was invented by an enslaved blacksmith named Ned. The cotton scraper made ploughing the soil for cotton much easier. Not much else is known about him, just that the patent for this invention was filed by his owner. Ned was never given due credit for his invention due to the Invention of a Slave rulin, which stated that no black American could patent an invention. The ruling would be obsolete with the 14th amendment. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26915807
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Carver worked to improve the lives of southern sharecroppers through advanced agriculture techniques. He also advocated for cooperation between whites and African Americans across the country. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDMkAXHR2g8
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Enacted in 1865, this act included plans for 40-acre tracts to be sold to freedmen from former plantations or from undeveloped land. https://www.rd.usda.gov/files/RR194.pdf
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Section 4 of the Freedman's Bureau Act was defeated in Congress. The section would have provided forty acres of land to each formerly enslaved family. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/racethmulglocon.5.1.113
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With the end of the Civil War and victory for the North, a new era in the lives of African Americans began.
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The thirteenth amendment outlaws slavery, except as punishment for a crime. From now on, free African Americans work on farms as laborers and owners, not as enslaved people.
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This act opened 19 land-grant universities across the south, most universities created by this grant are historically African American. https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/about-programs/program-operational-areas/1890-land-grant-institutions-programs#:~:text=The%201890%20land%2Dgrant%20system,North%20Carolina%20A%26T%20State%20University%2C
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Carver accepts a job at Tuskegee university from Booker T. Washington.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2714797 photo source: https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.21002100 -
On November 12,1906, Thomas M. Campbell became the first African American farm agent of the United States Department of Agriculture. He was assigned to perform agriculture demonstrations from a travelling wagon, in order to bring new advancements in agriculture to isolated poor farmers in the Macon county area of Alabama. The wagon was dubbed the "Jesup Agricultural Wagon" was termed a "Farmer's College on Wheels" by Booker T. Washington. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3742858 -
After working his way up the ranks to state field agent for Alabama, Campbell was appointed to the title of field agent for African American farmers for the lower South-Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas.
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The 1920 census showed that African Americans worked on over 12 million acres of agricultural land. The census also showed that nearly a million African Americans worked in agriculture. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/racethmulglocon.5.1.113
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Carver was appointed as a collaborator for the Bureau of Plant Industry at the United States Department of Agriculture survey of Mycology and Disease. Carver earned the job through his work of finding practical uses for plants such as peanuts and sweet potatoes. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2714797
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The Federation of Southern Cooperatives/Land Assistance fund was formed in 1967 by civil rights activists, farmers, and landowners. The organization sought to create an alternative economic system that was land and agriculture based. It provides assistance to African American famers and landowners. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/racethmulglocon.5.1.113
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Sponsored by the Federation of Southern Cooperatives, the Caravan of Black and Native American farmers to Washington advocated for a "minority farmers rights bill". Through demonstrations, parts of this agenda entered into national farm legislation. https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/about-programs/program-operational-areas/1890-land-grant-institutions-programs#:~:text=The%201890%20land%2Dgrant%20system,North%20Carolina%20A%26T%20State%20University%2C
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Hundreds of black farmers bring their grievances with the policies of the USDA to several listening sessions to develop a report on the problems of civil rights actions and enforcement. https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/about-programs/program-operational-areas/1890-land-grant-institutions-programs#:~:text=The%201890%20land%2Dgrant%20system,North%20Carolina%20A%26T%20State%20University%2C
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H.R. 4783, also known as the Claims Resolution Act of 2010, included funding for the agreements reached in the settlement of the Pigford II lawsuit, also known as the Black Farmer's settlement agreement. The lawsuit alleges that the USDA discriminated against African American farmers who applied for farm loans between 1981 and 1996.