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476: Roman influence gradually changes in the West Politically Western Europe became fragmented Constant Warfare Germanic Culture Ordeal: An ancient test of guilt or innocence Witchcraft Trials became common -
Monasticism
Dedicate lives to God
Saint Benedict
Leader of early monastic movement
Academic Center of Europe
Spread Latin and the Christian religion
Preserved ancient Latin Texts -
Justinian was responsible for the Growth of the empire, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, Syria, event parts of Italy
He Codified laws
He Incorporated Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law)
He was also responsible for Architecture, Hagia, Sophia, and the Hippodrome. -
in 622, Muhammad started to spread Islamic ideas. His first successful conversion was in Medina. He also remanufactured political movements in Medina. -
Early Islamic practices were led by a man named Muhammad who preached Monotheism, Social Justice, and Moral and Ethical conduct. Islam has 5 pillars: Shahada (declaration of faith), Salat (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). Islam was founded in Mecca. -
When Muhammad died, the ISlamic religion split in 2. Sunni, and the Shia. 85% of Islamica are Sunni and live in present day Saudi Arabia, North Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan. The other 15% was the hereditary line of Muhammad. -
From 661-750, Umayyad ruled in Damascus, Syria. From 750-1258, Abbasid ruled in Baghdad.
From 756-1031, Cordoba ruled in Iberia. -
Ruled from Damascus, Syria
Expanded empire into Spain until defeated by Franks
Slowly replaced non-Muslim officials
Instituted Arabic as administrative language
Jizyah: Tax on non-Muslims
Utilized gold and silver coins
Eventually the Abbasid Revolution causes the fall of the Umayyads. -
Golden Age of Islamic Empires
Centered in Baghdad, Iraq
Focused on Tolerance of other religions
Increased trade with China and India
Example - paper from China
Preserved many of the ancient works from Greece and Rome -
Height of empire is from 750-1025
Attempted to strengthen position of free farmers
Expanded trade through Constantinople
Public works projects
Sent missionaries
Well-organized government bureaucracy with talented politicians
Reduced tax burden on the peasants -
Centered in Rome
Only unifying force in Europe
Organization of Church
Mirrored Feudalism Gregory I (the Great)
Leads Papal States
Papal States: conglomerate of Italian city-states (750s-1850s)
Gave pope political power -
The Great Schism was the separation of the Catholic church of the West from the Orthodox churches of the East. This schism took place in 1054 and was caused by disagreements between Western and Eastern church leaders on several issues, including Papal authority and the Filioque clause of the Nicene Creed. -
First Universities
Bologna, Italy
Founded by Irnerius
Theology was the most highly regarded subject
Scholasticism - Faith and reason
Embraced science and philosophy -
First Crusade takes place in Jerusalem. Jerusalem falls to Saladin. Pope Urban II encouraged people to fight to save holy land. -
King John of England
Forced to sign document limiting his powers First time a king has his powers limited by force Sets the stage for more limiting in the future -
116 war between England and France. Long Bows changed warfare. After this war knights were no longer important. -
Black Death, or the Bubonic plague massively effected Europe and most parts of the world. Europe lost an estimated 33%-50% of their population. This greatly effected the economy and made it decline. Despite the economy declining, wages were rising because of a decrease in people to work. -
Claimed to see visions from God telling her to fight for France Inspired France to victory Use of the Cannon She was captured and killed for witchcraft -
There were many reasons for the Fall of the Byzantines. Some thought that it was differences in religion and politics, others theorized external threats such as the Seljuk Turks or the Normans. Once the Byzantines lost Constantinople it was basically over. -
The Italian cities, Venice and Milan, were the center of the Renaissance
Wealth from trade
Sforza and Medici Families (Patrons)
Age of recovery-Focus on individuals ability
Humanism-Based on the classics
Study of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, and history.
Urban and Secular Movement
Renaissance Man/Woman
Well rounded individual