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Calais lost to the French. Big blow for the English and a huge problem for Elizabeth when she became queen in November 1558 ie 10 months later.
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Given a coronation ring that she never took off. Unfortuante, as it had to be cut off her finger when she dies in order that Robert Ceceil could send it to James I along with the news of his accession
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Gave the right to Elizabeth to exchange Church property that she had in her possession for what temporal (non-spiritual) property in the possession of the church.
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LINKS IN WITH: essays on the religious settlement, but also Elizabeth's relationship with Parliament - this was a time when she had tremendous difficulty passing legisalation and the settlement came perilously close to being totally derailed had it not been for 2 bishops in prison and one inexplciacbly absent on the day the final vote was taken. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England#Religion
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A heaven sent opportunity for Elizabeth to strike against the Guise family, but she was very reluctant because it was a rebellion against a legit monarch and she hated John Knox, a Calvinist who thought that women should be forbidden to rule. He was a odious man and a pain in the ...thumb.
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Elizabeth sought to establish a uniformed CHurch and in order to achieve this she wrote the Royal injunctions of 1559. Under these injunctions the clergy were to observe and teach the royal supremacy and uphold the new religion. The injunctions also prevented evangelising (preaching) and made sure each parish chuch has a copy of the bible in English. This broke away from the Catholic tradition
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Elizabeth promised loans and military aid to the Huguenots. The Protestant Huguenots were at war with the Catholic Guise faction in France. This provided Elizabeth with a chance to exploit the factional hatreds- by assisting the Huguenots to victory, she could later persuade them to hand over Calais and reclaim the English dignity that had been lost with it.
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After having promised aid to the Huguenots, Elizabeth sent English troops into France. They seized Le Havre as a base, but destroyed Protestant solidarity by attempting to exchange Le Havre for Calais. The Huguenots joined forces with the Catholics to drive the English forces out. This reveals the lack of definite objectives in English foreign policy. Elizabeth's dislike of assisting rebels against a monarch was strengthened by this, explaining why she did not outwardly assist Huguenots in 1572.
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Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth. He issued a Papal Bull in an attempt to encourage rebellion and support for the rebels. The Bull stated that if Catholics continued to obey the Queen, they too would be excommunicated. However, it was virtually ignored by all- an explanation for this could be that it was hardly published at all.
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The bishops had hoped to see these bills passed through Parliament to curb the evils of ministers holding more than one parish living, or failing to reside in their own parish (known as 'pluralism'). However, the Puritan MP William Strickland had tried to impose his own legislations called a Prayer Book Bill. this attempted to do away with certain practices reminiscent of Catholicism, such as the use of the surplice, and kneeling at Communion. However, all it achieved was the Queen's indignition
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Signed by Queen Elizabeth and Catherine de Medici. This was an alliance between England and France against Spain. By the terms of this treaty, France promised they would not invade Flanders and abandoned Mary Queen of Scots' claim to the throne. Gave E more protection. The treaty was intended to prevent the possibility of Spanish aggression against either country. The formation of this friendship also meant that England's past alliance with Spain and the House of Burgundy was broken.
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Massacre of French Protestants, the Huguenots, by a mob in Paris. This resulted in the death of 3000 Huguenots. The massacre was ignited by Catherine de Medici's ordering of the murder of Coligny, the Protestant leader, for fear he was influencing her son.
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Elizabeth entered into a round of marriage negotiations with the Duke of Anjou (formerly Alencon). English government was worried that Anjou would merely replace Spanish authority over the Netherlands, providing them with an advantage over England should they wish to invade. By marrying Anjou, Elizabeth would cement the friendship between England and France, and hopefully control his behaviour in the Netherlands. She was genuinely prepared to marry Anjou, but the Privy Council objected.
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Whitgift would not tolerate anyone who did not accept the three articles, 300 ministers were suspeneded for refusing to subscribe. The three articles were made to keep the clergy conforming to the 1559 settlement and making sure they won't deviate to Puritanism.
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Treaty of friendship between Eliz and James of Scotland. Good thing too, as James's mother was going to be executed the following year.
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Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant then gave instructions not to seal and send it. Her secretary, Davis, went against her wishes and did both.
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The Martin Marprelate tracts were Puritan pamphlets attacking the hierachy of the Church.
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http://www.famous-speeches-and-speech-topics.info/famous-speeches/queen-elizabeth-i-the-golden-speech.htm Amazing speech! But it shows she really was on the back foot regarding the monoplies crisis, as she usually told Parliament not to interfere. This time, their voices were too loud. A masterful speech which pacified them but did NOT solve the problem, which shows weaknesses in the Queen's abilities to govern effectively.
