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Rome itself remained for a decade under the Papacy, and became part of the Kingdom of Italy only on September 20, 1870, the final date of Italian unification.
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Italy became a nation-state belatedly that was when most of the states of the peninsula were united under king Victor Emmanuel II of the Savoy dynasty, which ruled over Piedmont
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The Italian government agreed to sign the London Pact and to declare war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire in exchange for several territories.
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In the late 1970s, the Christian Democrat (DC) and Italian Communist (PCI) parties worked toward the Historic Compromise, to return the PCI to the government for the first time since May 1947.
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a referendum on the monarchy resulted in the establishment of the Italian Republic, which led to the adoption of a new constitution.
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The assassination of Antonio Annarumma, a police man in the centre of Milan, and marked the beginning of this violent period.
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After assassination of Antonio Annarummathe Piazza Fontana bombing happened. The police arrested 80 persons in left-wing circles, but the case remain a mystery.
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DC politician Aldo Moro was kidnapped by the Red Brigades, a far-left paramilitary group. His body was then discovered on May 9, in via Caetani in Rome, in a site equidistant between the DC and the PCI headquarters.
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From 1992 to 1997, Italy faced significant challenges as voters (disenchanted with past political paralysis, massive government debt, extensive corruption, and organized crime's considerable influence collectively called Tangentopoli after being uncovered by Mani pulite - "Clean hands") demanded political, economic, and ethical reforms.
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In 2001 the center-right won the 2001 general election led by Silvio Berlusconi, it was able to remain in power for the complete five year mandate but having to pass through a crisis and a government reshuffle.