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Jefferson's election was the first that resulted in the orderly transfer from one political party to another, and he was the first president inaugurated in the new capital of Washington. He wanted to highlight the difference between Federalism and Republican simplicity, so he let common people play a larger role in politics and social life.
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The case involved the appointment of federalist William Marbury as justice of the peace in the District of Columbia. Marbury's commission was still undelivered when James Madison took office as secretary of state and Jefferson directed Madison to withhold it. Marbury then sued for a court order to have his commission delivered. Judge John Marshall and the Court ruled Madison's decision unconstitutional and gave the supreme court a power not mentioned in the Constitution, judicial review.
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After the launch of the Clermont, the first commercial steamboat, the use of wood-fired steamboats spread rapidly. They brought two way travel to rivers in the Mississippi Valley and created a transcontinental market and an agricultural empire that produced many of the nations goods.
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The Act enforced by President Jefferson stopped all American exports by prohibiting U.S. ships from sailing to foreign ports. Neither the French nor the British were intimidated by the loss of trade with America and the Act destroyed the U.S. economy. Congress voted to end the Embargo Act in 1809.
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The Native American Tecumseh wanted to stop any further American expansion. He traveled from Wisconsin to Alabama to form alliances with other Native Americans and convince them to kill Whites. William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory gathered 1,000 troops and advanced to Prophetstown which turned into the Battle of Tippecanoe. It was an immense defeat for the Native Americans. Harrison's troops burned the village and destroyed its supplies.
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The first time that congress declared war. Britain promised to quit interfering with American shipping but President Madison and the Republican Party believed that war was the only way to stop impressment and British-inspired Indian attacks.
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Upper Creeks (called Redsticks) and Lower Creeks began battling against one another. Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims and massacred hundreds of White and African American men, women, children and even Lower Creeks. In response, Andrew Jackson recruited 2,500 militiamen with David Crockett and Sam Houston and headed South. They crushed the Redsticks after a series of battles.
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The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 and required both America and Britain to return each other's prisoners and restore previous boundaries. The Treaty saved America from possible civil war and financial ruin.
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The Union was formed to organize citywide trade unions into a stronger national association. Before, labor organizations were confined to one city and one craft or skill. Most of these groups vanished during the economic depression in the 1830s.
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Irish farmers primarily grew potatoes and ate multiple pounds of them a day. A fungus swept through and destroyed their crops which caused the Potato Famine. About one million died and 2 million left Ireland. Most of them either settled in Canada or the U.S. which they knew had paying jobs.
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