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Toussaint Louverture
-was the leader of the Haitian Revolution
- led to the establishment of the independent black state of Haiti -
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Reign of King Louis XVI
• king of France and Navarre• attempt to reform France w/ Enlightenment ideals• increase tolerances on non-Catholics• efforts to abolish serfdom -
Period: to
James Watt perfects steam engine
• Offered dramatic increase in fuel efficiency • One of the major contributions to the start of the industrial revolution• Improved 1712 Newcomen engine -
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Reign of Napoleon
• was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution• invented Napoleonic Code• established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution -
Period: to
American Revolution
-conflict arose from growing tensions between residents of Great Britain's thirteen colonies and the colonial government
-Lexington and Concord in April 1775 was when the conflict began
-British surrender at Yorktown, Virginia (1779), the Americans had won their independence -
Spinning mule developed
-invented by Samuel Crompton
-machine used to spin cotton and other fibres in the mills of Lancashire -
Period: to
Simon Bolivar
-Venezuelan military and political leader
-key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire -
Period: to
French Revolution
-was a period of social and political upheaval in France
- French society's old ideas were overthrown
-France's absolute monarchy collapsed
-rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
-royal power was limited by a constitutional monarchy -
Period: to
Haitian Revolution
-was a slave revolt in Saint-Domingue (French colony) which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Haitian republic
-Expulsion of the French colonial government-establishment of the independent Republic of Haiti -
Coton Gin developed
- is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation -first modern mechanical cotton gin was created by American inventor Eli Whitney
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Period: to
Wars of independence in Latin America
-were the various revolutions that resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America
- Haiti\ was the first to follow the United States to independence, during the Haitian Revolution
-independence movements that culminated in bloody wars of independence -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
-objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire -
Period: to
Unification of Italy
-was the political and social movement that agglomerated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy
-started with the Congress of Vienna and the end of Napoleonic rule, and ended with the Capture of Rome -
Period: to
Opium War
• First Opium War (1839-1842): between UK and Qing Dynasty; over diplomatic relations, trade, the administrative of justice, Treaty of Nanking=attempt to end war• Second Opium War (1856-1860): results=Anglo-French victory, Treaties of Tientsin -
Communist Manifesto published
-is a short 1848 publication written by the political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
-Commissioned by the Communist League, it laid out the League's purposes and program
-presents an analytical approach to the class struggle and the problems of capitalism -
Period: to
Taiping Rebellion
-was a massive civil war in southern China
-against the ruling Manchu-led Qing Dynasty
-one of the deadliest military conflicts in history
-Qing Dynasty victory
-Fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom -
Bessemer process developed
-was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron prior to the open hearth furnace
-was discovered by William Kelly
-key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation -
Period: to
Crimean War
-was a conflict between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia
-was part of a long battle between major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire -
Sepoy Rebellion
-began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army
-was a result of various grievances
-British victory
-end of Company rule in India -
Origin of the Species published
• By Charles Darwin• Is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology• Says how diversity of life arose by common descent through the branching pattern of evolution -
Emancipation of Russian serfs
-during the Crimean war conflict in 1855, fifty million of the sixty million legal occupants of Russia were serfs
-the Crimean war is the major reason for the emancipation of the Russian serfs, the war left Russia weak because the country was grossly underdeveloped -
Period: to
Meiji restoration
• Series of events the restored imperial rule to Japan• Under Emperor Meiji• Responsible for Japan becoming a modernized nation -
Suez Canal
-is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea
-allows transportation by water between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa -
Unification of Germany
-Turned Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state
-at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France
-transition of most of the German-speaking populations into a federated organization of states occurred over nearly a century of experimentation -
Period: to
Boer Wars
-were two wars fought during 1880–1881 and 1899–1902 by the British Empire against the Dutch settlers
-First Anglo-Boer War: was a rebellion of Boers (farmers) against British rule in the Transvaal that re-established their independence
-Second War: long war, involving large numbers of troops from many British possessions -
Period: to
Berlin Conference
-regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power
-eliminating most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance -
Indian National Congress founded
• Founded by the Theosophical Society (a occultist movement)• Became a pivotal member in the Indian Independent Movement in its struggle against British colonial rule in India• Largest and oldest democratically operating political parties in the world -
Period: to
Boxer Rebellion
-was an anti-foreign movement by the Righteous Harmony Society
-opposing Christianity and foreign imperialism in China -
Period: to
Russo-Japanese War
• started because of rivial imperial ambitions of Russian Empire and Empire of Japn over Manchuria and Korea• Russians sought warm water port on Pacific• Japanese victory, Treaty of Portsmouth -
All-India Muslim Leaugue founded
-was a political party which advocated the creation of a separate Muslim-majority nation, Pakistan
-formed to promote a modern education for Muslims
-founded by the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference at Dhaka -
Henry Ford and assembly line
-Ford was able to produce an affordable car because of the development of the assembly line which increased the efficiency of manufacture and decreased its cost
-Ford perfected it -
Panama Canal
• 48-mile ship canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific • key conduit for international maritime trade
