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Period: 30,000 BCE to
Beginnings to exploration
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Aug 15, 1095
The crusades
The crusades were events of religious wars between the Catholics and the Muslims. As both the Muslims and the Catholics wanted control off the holy sites. The crusades were relatively unsuccessful, and mostly religious massacres. The crusades had an impact on the western European and middle east nations. -
1300
The Renaissance
Renaissance means to rebirth. The renaissance time was a time of cultural movement. Technology and ideas were being imported as well as classical ideas were being reborn. As for artistry a popular trend for art was classic realism in sculptures or paintings. Science and medicine also advanced. -
Oct 12, 1347
The black death
The black death transformed society. In the black death about forty to fifty percent of Europe died. A new economy emerged and the merchant society forms. People who were alive around this time believed that the black death was a form of punishment from god to humans for being greedy, heresy and ect. -
1492
Colombian Exchange
the Colombian exchange was an exchange between the old and the new word for goods. The trade was named after Columbus. The exchange mainly benefited the old world because disease that was carried into the new world from the old world killed most of the Indian population. -
1517
Reformation
Henry VIII could not have male child with his wife, pope denies divorce so he created the church of England. Anglicans vs Catholics becomes a decade of power struggle. A prodestant Elizabeth I takes control and the conflict last until around the 1700 -
1519
Conquest of the Aztecs
Hernan Cortes was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs. He Sailed from Cuba, ailed with Aztec enemies and had an uprising. -
English colonization
England was a late comer because of dynastic issues including the protestant vs catholic. They had high prices for wool. The Spanish dominance was over seas and privateers raided the Spanish ships. When England does begin to colonize they first defeat the Spanish armada and allow England to be dominant and their wool prices drop. For the first colonies their strategy was to push the natives away from settlements and they did joint stock companies. Humphrey Gilbert settles in new found land. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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Proprietary Colonies (New Netherlands)
Also know as Holland, New Netherlands set up their own colony in between Chesapeake and new England. The capital of New Netherlands is New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam was a threat to the English. Charles II issued a royal charter for new colonies in new Netherlands. -
Chesapeake Colonies (Virginia, slaves)
In Virginia the main cash crop was tobacco, with the popular demand of tobacco came labor difficulty. Eventually they hired indentured servant. An indentured servant was a servant that had a contract with an employer the servant would work a certain amount of time in exchange they would go to the new world. The servants worked for about 4-7 years they had a hard life. The employer had to feed and clothed the servants they also provided tools and clothes for them when their contract was done. -
New England Colonies (Massachusetts bay colony)
John Winthrop was the founder of the Massachusetts bay colony. He had many rules as to who was going to stay in Massachusetts. Selected settlers had to be married because family was important, paid way to new world, and was managed harshly. The towns were unique in the fact that they were built around the church or town center. -
Caribbean Colonies
The Caribbean Colonies were important colonies to the Europeans because many Caribbean colonies like Barbados and Jamaica had sugar. Sugar was important to the Europeans because they loved it and used it on about everything. In the Caribbean colonies slaves outnumbered whites and there were no legal recourse for slaves. -
Colonial Issues
The colonial issues began with wars against natives, then rebellions like in Virginia (Bacon's Rebellion). Nathaniel Bacon had issues with the Virginia government he had class resentment and created the Bacon's Rebellion. Eventually he died from a fever. Results were that there was less dependence on servants and more imported slaves. -
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem witch trials were trials of people who were being accused of witch craft. Some would even get prosecuted. There were native raids. When the ministers daughter began to act strangely, many in the town were accused of witch craft. Dozens were dead when the Salem witch trials were over. -
Act of Union
The act of union, united many places together like United England, and Scotland or the the United Kingdom of Great Britain. New Britain becomes an empire and parliament becomes head of the empire. Although the colonies still had local control. The federal system was central authority and local government. -
Slavery (lower south)
Carolina was a colony of a colony. Carolina evolved from frontier settlements. 2/3 of the population in Carolina were slaves the slaves had something called the task system which was a system where every slave had an assignment. -
Period: to
Colonial America
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The Enlightenment
The American enlightenment was the idea of reason and science. They believed in science not superstition. Benjamin Franklin was the symbol of american enlightenment. Deism was the opposite. Deism people believed "God created everything but chooses not to control" they also believed "evil resulted from ignorance". -
Colonial economy (Mid Atlantic)
The economy in the Mid Atlantic was good and stable. Mainly because they had European trade, Agriculture, and small manufacturing industries. Agriculture was a big stable when trading. Not only were they stable economically but they were also stable Religiously and were ethnically diverse. -
The Great Awakening
The great awakening was a reaction to the enlightenment secularism. The colonial society changes. George Whitfield preaches the bible, believes in spiritual needs, and that ordinary people be given a voice. Native American Revivals look at Jesus as a symbol, they don't trade with whites and they don't drink alcohol. -
Triangular Trade
The triangular trade was a trade between the Americas, Africa and Europe. The trade began with Raw material with time they then started to trade manufactured goods, and eventually Africa started trading slaves to America. This affected the lives of many Africans and it created profits for Europe. -
The French and Indian war
Also known as the 7 years war the french and Indian war was a battle between England, France, and Spain they fought for territory. England and colonies wanted more western land. France wanted more land down south. In fort duquesne the governor of Virginia ordered it to be seized. Then Britain sends an army to control the Ohio territories and it goes bad there were many set backs. -
Virtual Representation
Members of parliament represent all areas of Britain. Salutary neglect was also created. Which were trade regulations for the colonies. Britain had royal inherited positions. they also didn't have a representation in parliament. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War
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Acts of Parliament (stamp act)
An act that was passed. A stamp was required on all paper. The lawyers and printers were the most affected by the stamp act because their professions use paper. the stamp act had harsher conditions. The stamp act congress had 9 of 13 colonies send representatives. -
Boston massacre
A crowd of Bostonian people were harassing British soldiers. The soldiers fired into the crowd and created the Boston massacre. Paul Reveres fictions account was the 1st example of american propaganda and many in the colonies were outraged. -
Boston tea party
The Boston tea party was about 50 drunk Bostonian men dressed up as Indians. They were mad Bostonian so they threw about 340 chest of British tea out into the harbor. The people from Boston were chanting "taxation without representation" because they were upset that the British had applied taxes. -
War in the north
British change tactics and they prepare for a long campaign. The British also retreat to new York and cut off new England. In new York Americans are getting taken out by the British, so many retreat to Pennsylvania. The British decide to hold new York for the rest of the war. Soon after Washington regroups and the British get overconfident. Washington crosses Delaware river and defeats the British. -
Declaration of Independence
Independence was not an option. All colonies declared united and independent. Thomas Jefferson wrote a draft. The declaration of independence was completed on July 2nd but was signed July 4th. After the declaration of independence they wanted to avoid anti-monarch sentiment. They also began looking for European allies. -
war in the south
When the war moves to the south the British decide to focus all attention to the south. They did this because they knew the south was more valuable. This was because the south had crops. To the British the north was not economically important. The British had a campaign in the south although they had many victories they could not gain control. -
Articles of confederation
The confederation congress was weak. They couldn't force taxation, and states did not corporate. They were short on funds but had a pension. Eventually they revolt against the us government. Congress could not or would not get anything done because they had no central government authority. With currency they printed way to much money so it was not worth as much. They were also in debt because they would buy goods on credit, demand for British goods, and lack of luxury goods -
Treaty of Paris
The treaty of pairs was the treaty that ended the revolutionary war. The United states was recognized as an independent and sovereign. The treaty also establishes the northern boarder with British north america, Canada. They also restored loyalist properties and allowed Mississippi river access to both nations. The united states received frontier land to Mississippi river. -
Shays Rebellion
Shay's Rebellion was a postwar recession. It was bad for everyone, even the farms seized. Daniel Shay was a leader from Shays rebellion. He led revolutionary war veterans and began to spread. the Rebellion was put down. The rebellion began to create a sense of urgency, and the leaders were on board with the change. -
Constitutional Convention (2 plans)
The Virginia Plan was the plan for the larger states. The Virginia plan included 2 house legislators, lower house, upper house, single executive, and separate judiciary. In the Virginia plan representation was based on population. The new jersey plan was for the smaller states. they modified versions of the articles of confederation and had single legislature, legislative supreme low of land and their executive was elected by congress. they had a less powerful judicial. -
Three Branches
The 3 branches are called executive, legislature, and the judiciary. The executive was a 3 man executive, 1 man is elected by the people, legislative pick, and life-term, single term or re election. The electoral college system is part of the executive branch. The college is chosen by the legislature, meant for the elite and didn't trust the common man, it was a 4 year term and no limits on re-election. Judiciary overview the court cases, and the judiciary were left incomplete to decide later. -
Issues (slavery)
Slaves were a big and controversial topic in the 1700's. Really nobody could decide if they wanted slaves or to let them go. because the southern states were pro-slavery and the northern states were anti-slavery there was never a common ground about slaves because some people wanted it while others didn't. Until the 3/5 compromise. which was a compromise where the population of slaves would be counted as 3/5. -
The great debate
the great debate was a protest and debate.The federalist supported the constitution, wanted a strong central government, disagreed with the bill of rights, and believed in checks and balances. John Joy was a leader of the federalist and he defended the constitution used by modern day supreme court. Anti-federalist supported less government, state rights, and supported the bill of rights. The federalist win and the constitution becomes law of the land. -
Northwest Ordinance
The northwest ordinance was a new system for admission to union, they were new territories.About 60,000 could become a state. They would reject slavery and it would be a future admission for new states. The northwest ordinance was adopted by the confederation congress and when they did they listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory. -
Election of 1788
It was the 1st election. George Washington was seen as a god-like figure and he was everyone's choice. there were no running mates for vice president, second place went to John Adams. Both had constitutional roles. -
Period: to
The new Republic
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Two competing forms of government
Both parties had differences in interpretation. Federalist like Hamilton believed in loose interpretation, living document:changes with time, and a strong central government. Democratic republicans like Jefferson and Madison believed in strict interpretation, loose government, and more power to the states. -
whiskey rebellion
Pennsylvania and Kentucky farmers. Whiskey was economically important it earns large profit. Farmers eventually revolt and about 6000 threaten to attack Pittsburgh. Washington leads the army. The whiskey rebellion was the first major domestic test of constitution. -
Bank of the United States
The bank of the unites states was the first bank. The bank was a depository. You were able to make loans. the bank was a form of stabilizing currency and economy, they also had private investors. Because of this they had many constitutionality issues. because of this the bank was chartered. -
Election of 1796
In the election of 1796 Washington doesn't go into the 3rd term. Washington's Farewell address was 2 terms, he avoided conflicts and had no permanent alliances but was okay with temporary alliances. The election is between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Republican vs Federalist. John Adams wins and Thomas Jefferson is vice president, because vice president goes to second place. -
Adams presidency
When Adams came into presidency the french get upset and recall envoy. The xyz affair was a diplomatic situation between the french and the united states. Jay treaty caused problems and they had limited trade with french. Had an undeclared naval war. The french seized their ships.The alien and sedition acts were created and it increased military.The alien acts was for immigrants and it was difficult to become a citizen.The sedition act said you couldn't say anything bad about the united states. -
Election of 1800
The naval war ends and a treaty is negotiated. Napoleons support against Britain. There is division among the federalist. Adam is seen as weak and divided partly. Adams vs Jefferson again. Jefferson ties with Aaron Burr. A deal is made, and Hamilton persuades House to vote for Jefferson. Jefferson doesn't undo Federalist legislation. Hamilton and Burr hated each other. 12th amendment will require separate ballots for vice president and president. -
Period: to
The age of Jefferson
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Jefferson administration
Jefferson was mocked by the federalist. Jefferson's plans for the country were to eradicate national debt, severe connection with the bank of the united states, sell western lands, and rely on militias. Jefferson also reduced the government size and states were defenders of liberty, Jefferson also really encouraged agriculture. -
Technological benefits of War of 1812
Innovations happened in the war due to embargo. Firearms, steam engines, agriculture, mass production and the cotton gin were invented. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney. The cotton gin easily removed seeds from cotton, because of the cotton gin cotton production exploded and slavery was making a comeback. -
The war of 1812
Many want war with Britain, The British navy is still most popular and America declares war on Britain. The war lasted 2 years and 8 months. The war ended Feb 17, 1815. America takes on land-based strategy and burns the capital. The war took place in eastern and central north america as well as the Atlantic and pacific ocean. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
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Missouri Crisis
Missouri applies for admission as a slave state. The northern states went against admission. While southern states are for admission. The Missouri compromise consisted of balance between slave and free states, an imaginary line, states above the line would be free, and states below the line would be slave states. The compromise was a temporary solution because slavery needed to be dealt with but it was a guaranteed future problem. -
Changes in Agriculture
The Iron plow was invented by John Deere. The Iron plow is a farm implement that is used to break soil up and cut furrows. The Crank churns was invented for butter. The crank churns was used to make and mix the butter. The cotton gin inventor was Eli Whitney. The cotton gin was used to separate the cotton and the cotton seeds. This caused slavery to increase because they needed more slaves to move the cotton. -
Panic 1819
The panic of 1819 caused an economic boom after the war and the second war bank of the united states was created. Agriculture prices collapsed in 1819 because banks failed. Economy went into tailspin and the panic of 1819 was one of the worst depressions in the us history. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Spanish empire was crumbling and the united states wanted influence over the new areas. The united states were to not interfere of the wars between Europe. The Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization. -
Election of 1824
In the election of 1824 there were no picked successor. There was 4 candidates John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford, and Henry clay. Jackson wins the popular vote but not the electoral college. Adams is chosen. Jackson becomes angry and bitter created the corrupt bargain, adams and clay. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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Changes in Transportation
Changes in transportation included modern roads such as railroads. Railroads were used to transport goods and move people from one place to the other. Steamboats were used to travel in oceans and were also used for goods and to move people. Canals were primary invented for the ships that carried goods but were also used for people to travel. -
Growing cities
People begin to move to cities. Agricultural goes to industrial. Most of the changing occurs in the north. A factory system is invented which is the worker, manager and the owner. First working people were in the neighborhood class. There were multiple family dwellings and segregated neighborhoods. the cities were fairly small and mass transportation was crucial. -
Election of 1828
Jackson's new strategy is to humble origins. He also plans on military careers, democratic values, democratic republican faded, second party system and the modern democratic party. the election of 1828 was the nastiest and messiest election. Because there were personal attacks on each other as womanizers. Jackson's wife was attacked and Jackson wins overwhelmingly. -
Election of 1832
The democratic party was Jackson while the national republicans the "anti-Jackson" were with henry clay. Anti-masonnic party were with william wirt. the people started nomination convections, party platforms. -
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren also nicknamed old kinderhook barely won the election against the whigs, they inherited bad economy. caused the panic of 1837. after was nicknamed "martin van ruin" -
Changes in Communication
With all of the technology advances came communication advancements. Such as Quicker news, Telegraph and Printing, Quicker news was spread out by people who talked and communicated with each others and spread the word. The telegraph helped with the spread of communication because it could communicate with other people even thought they were not with you. With printing people would read the same things and made sure it spread ed. -
Slave life
The job of a slave was cotton. Cotton was half of the united states exports. There were two regions the upper and the lower south. The lower south was ideal for cotton because of its dark and rich soil, cotton also had spread ed out to the west and there was a lot of money to be made. In the upper south it wasn't as fertile there were shorter growing seasons and diversified crops, slavery wasn't as popular and many sold slaves to the south. -
Immigration
Immigration was caused by rural immigration and European immigration. For every immigration there was a purpose and reason behind it. The Irish immigrated so they could expand their potato famine, The German immigrated because of poor harvest and politics, Scandinavians and the British immigrated for economic opportunities. With so many immigrants there was many ethnic changes. There were free black communities but segregation took place. -
Free black communities
Free black communities were something that was new to the people. But with free black communities didn't come all freedom. Free black communities were segregated and they had to compete for jobs with all other immigrants. There was also hostility and additional prejudice. -
The Duel
The Burr vs Hamilton duel is a very popular duel. Although duels are illegal and burr is vice president they still decided to have the duel. The 2 men Hamilton and burr were very different men with very different opinions considering politics and just personal opinions. At the end of the duel Hamilton dies and burr was not arrested.
