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30,000 BCE
Bering Land Bridge
The Bearing Land Bridge was the only thing that bridged the New World to the Old World. This is the passage that brought the original natives to the Americas. These Inuit people are refereed too as Clovis and came to the Americas in 3 separate waves. The first wave branching from around 30,000 years ago, the second wave from around 8,000 - 10,000 years ago, and the final wave branching from about 5,000 years ago.They're the first know people to reach the New World. -
Period: 30,000 BCE to
Beginnings to Exportation
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2000 BCE
Maya
The Mayans largely populated central America for almost 3000 years before their having their capital (Tenochtitlan) taken over in the early sixteenth century. The ancient civilization practiced the art of given roles (aka the caste system). They are the ones responsible for our modern day twelve month calendar and many other modern day phenomenons. Mayans were one of the few civilization to sacrifice humans in thought of the betterment of their civilization. They had a form of written language. -
Jan 1, 1300
The Renaissance
The Renaissance is the rebirth of Europe. It's a cultural movement where a lot of classical ideas are brought back and re-established into the culture.Artistry, realism, sculptures and drawings are a big part of this time.The printing press is invited and is a MAJOR breakthrough to this society. -
Jan 1, 1340
The Black Death
The Black Death or plague was a epidemic that rampaged through Europe during the mid 14th century. Initially spread from the fleas on rats, outbreak caused horrific change in European society of this time. Nearly fifty percent of the population contracted and dies from the black plague. This essentially formed a new economy in European societies; a merchant society. Leaving room for growth in the wake of destruction. -
Jan 1, 1500
Encoiendas
grants of Indian labor to the Spanish. A mix between indentured servants and slaves. (More closely related to slaves). They were tracks of land that relied on Natives to do their farming and other basic task. Natives will later be replaces with African slaves. -
1509
Henry the 8th
Henry the 8th was a English King during the renaissance period. As the king of England he needed a male heir to the thrown. He went from marriage to marriage and was continually unable to birth a son. It got to the point where the pope refused to divorce him. Which is when he split England from the Catholic church and branched out to make the church of England. -
1564
English Colonization
England are the last o colonize in the Americas. Due to dynastic issues with the protestant and the Catholics, and high wool prices. Spaniards had a large dominance across the Atlantic, but the were frequently raided by privateers. England get's into colonization and defeat the Spanish armada in 1588. Which grants England naval dominance, their dynasty stabilizes as Queen Elizabeth comes about and wool prices drop. -
Tobacoo
Tobacco originated in the Caribbean and is transferred into Virginia. Where the would grow it and send it back to Europe to smoke. Largest profit of this time. It was the main cash crop of the seventeenth century, but was labor intensive. So, they would use their indentured servants to do the work for them. As a debt for coming to the new world they had no other choice but to work in the fields. -
Period: to
ENGLISH COLONIAL SOCIETIES
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George Calvert
Known as, "Lord Baltimore," this Catholic nobleman was granted control of land by the Chesapeake Bay for his loyal service to king Charles. He established the proprietary colony of Maryland, and wanted to achieve great wealth and create a haven for his fellow Catholics, but died before he could. He wanted a religiously free colony. Named Maryland after the Kings wife. -
Barbados/Jamacia
Sugar is the life line of the Caribbean islands.Europeans loved sugar; used it for everything. Spain, France, England, and Holland have stakes in this region. Islands are the most important region. Theirs more slaves then whites (or Europeans). Sadly, theirs no legal recourse for slaves. Whatever happens happens. -
Cecil Calvert
The son of George Calvert, heir to his land. Known as, "New Lord Baltimore." Once inherited fathers title he became a proprietor. In his settlements he required colonist to have their own provisions. Had no profit before food. He implemented his fathers plans into colony. -
Navigation Act
The navigation acts limited dutch trade with the English colonies. Additional acts (taxes) passed on the colonies. All goods transported on English or colonial ships taxed; eventually repealed. -
Buffer Colony
The Carolina's originated as one whole colony named after King Charles. It was set up as a buffer colony between Spanish Florida to make more money for the English. As a colony it was tied to the Caribbean and a had direct exchange in the triangular trade route. The Carolina were basically a storage colony of the fullness of the original colonies.A colony set up for a colony. Eventually divided into two colonies, North Carolina and South Carolina. -
Salem Witch Trials
With frequent native raids, and the pre-glorious revolution colonial America. Fear ran rampant through out the colonies. Which made i easy to place blame on the innocent. When a younger ministers daughter began to act strange and claimed to be taught voodoo by her caretaker while her parents were away. Began accusing the colonist with witch craft and left dozens dead. Held trials and convicted many of things inadssable in court. -
Triangular Trade
The 18th Century was the beginning of major change in colonial America. One of these being the expansion of commerce through the Triangular Trade. This brought luxury goods, and architecture to the the simplicity of the Colonies. The colonist anglicized, and began to become more like Britain. Building state houses/ churches, and the construction of English manor houses -
Slavery
Slavery began in the old world, but a new and worst adaptation began in the Americas. Originated by using the natives in the more central american areas, but as they began to die off due to disease they needed a back up plan. As a result of the triangular trade the exchange of slaves became regular. Flowing from Africa to the Caribbean then into norther America. 10% of the slaves dying just on the way over. As colonist learned the new ways of the land, demand for slaves increased in the 1700's. -
Mid - Atlantic Commerce
These mid Atlantic colonies consisted of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Delaware. They based their commerce off European trade and some agriculture. Small manufacturing companies accrued. These colonies had a very mixed economy, and were ethnically religious also diverse. -
Period: to
COLONIAL AMERICA
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The Enlightenment
American enlightenment is the basis for reason and science. The belief of science not superstition. People began to question preconceived notions, aka the bible. John Locke bringing around the idea of natural rights that people should have. Also that the government should have consent of the people. Ben Franklin the symbol of American enlightenment. Brings around the ideals of deism, when people just sit back and watch. That everybody happens for a reason. -
The Great Awakening
The reaction to enlightenment - secularism. Pushed for consumer oriented society. "people are like spiders hanging over a pit of damnation." People scared into becoming too religious, from the traumatizing ways of past life in the old world. Colonial societies began to change. The idea of choosing your own congregation evolved. People began to branch out, because it was the first time ordinary people are given a voice. -
The French and Indian War
French and England conflict over territory. Britain and colonies want more land in the west. French wanting more land in the south. The government order a seize of the French fort Duquence. Britain sends army and militia to control Ohio territory, a major set back. British have a new policy to defeat French, capture Quebec and Montreal. What began as a war in the new world spread to be the actually the first world war. British and Colonist resolved to win. And the war ends in 1763 -
Treaty of Paris
Ended the French and Indian war, seven years after it begun. This treaty ends the French rule in Northern America. Britain now in control of ' New France' also known as Canada. Leaving the French with Haiti. Britain gaining control of Quebec and other French colonies. Tense relations began to build in St.Pierre and Miquelob between colonist and frontier natives. Also, the map was altered in the change of power. -
Militias
Since America was a still part of the British Empire, they were unable to have their own national army. In the eyes of Britain, there was no need for them. Yet, the colonist still formed militias that would be used to fight the Redcoats during the revolution. They were not trained, but they were used in efforts to defend the frontier from native raids, police force, and just a interem army. As they were untrained they weren't at the standard of today . -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War
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Acts of Parlimet
After the French and Indian War, Britain was almost bankrupt from spending sever years at war. Needed a solution to acquire more money. They began to tax the colonist on everyday things like sugar, paper, stamps, glass, paint, and tea. Without the representation on the colonist, they were infuriated and began to resist against Britain. They began to voice displeasure and write petitions against these acts. Beginning of the American of revolution. -
1st Continental Congress
Colonial leaders concerned on the acts and lack of representation from British parliament. They denounced the intolerable acts, and boycotted EVERYTHING English, as a attempt to show them they weren't having it. Patrick Henry sensed conflict, famous quote, " Give me liberty or give me death." Began the continental congress, against Britain. -
Paul Revere's Midnight Ride
The common story of, "the British are coming" is actually false. Paul Revere did begin to pass along the message with the other sons of liberty. That the Britsh were coming to seize weapons, but he was captured by the British before he really even did anything. The message did get passed on, but not by who most people believe. -
Concord
British are starting to become concerned about colonist and military weapons, and they try to seize military supplies. Sons of liberty send out the midnight riders to worn the Americans that, "the British are coming." Their attempts are altered by the capture of most sons on liberty. As the militia are attempting to reach Concord, after the first official fight of the American Revolutionary War. The British also march onto Concord, as the militia is now better organized. Guerrilla warfare. -
Olive Branch Petition
This was the beginning of talk of becoming an independent country, but they hope for peace as the continental congress sent a petition to the king. In regards to the unfair taxes, and lack of representation on the American front. The petition to repeal is rejected, and the already growing support for a revoution. Grows even stronger. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Common Sense
As a political propaganda written by Thomas Paine. He argued for independence and wanted America to become a democratic republic society, rather than a monarchy. In Common Sense he attacked monarch powers and the issues within. His writing was not only extremely popular but cheap. He had a huge sway on the colonies perspective of the monarchy. -
Articles of Confederation
The articles of confederation were put in place after the revolutionary war to make a loose friendship of independent states. Giving each state their own money, laws, power, and jurisdiction. Lacking a central government, there was no revenue, military, or diplomacy in the early united states. No one to lead the country, colonist were so scared of another monarchy they ended up with no structured government under the articles of confederation. -
Period: to
The New Republic
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Treaty of Paris
The end of the revolutionary war. The United States was finally recognized as an independent and sovereign country. Document Established northern borders to Canada, and to restore loyalist properties. The Mississippi River was for the equal use of both nations. The treatyalso gave the United States all the territory west of the Mississippi River. -
Shay’s Rebellion
As the Articles of Confederation began to be seen and weak, and the movement for a new constitution was forming. After farmed were seized and taken away. A farmer named Daniel Shay led revolutionary war vets and other farmers, in a rebellion. This revolution began to spread throughout the United States and created an urgency for leaders to be on board with a change of constitution. -
Two Plans
The first plan is the Virginia plan which would make all branches equal and the legislator would be split into two houses. The lower house being the house of representatives who would be elected by the people, and the upper house to be based on population. The Second plan is known as the New Jersey plan which was basically a modified version of the Articles of Confederation and benefited the smaller states. Calling for a single legislator whom would be the supreme law of the land. -
The Great Debate
This was a protest/debate of the federalist and the anti-federalist. The Federalist supported the new constitution and wanted a powerful central government. They believed that a system of checks and balances of would preserve the government, and they also opposed the bill of rights. While the anti-federalist thought less was more when it came to a central government. They supported the idea of states rights and supported the bill or rights. In the end, the Federalist party win. -
Constitutional Convention
The constitutional convention were meetings held around the country after the events of Shay's Rebellion because it was now obvious that The Articles of Confederation was weak and wasn't holding the country together. They were prosing ideas of a new constitution WITH a central authority in place. Since the revolution American revolution was recently over, the Constitution was written hastily. Until 1787 the founding fathers come together in Philadelphia to write the official AmericanConstitution -
Northwest Ordinance
As more and more territories outside of the original thirteen colonies wanted to join the United States. A plan had to be set in place for them to be brought in. That's where the northwest ordinance was brought in, the future admission for new states. This ordinance rejected slavery, and future states had to have a governor and legislator before entering the union -
International Conflicts - France
The American revolution sent off waves in many over countries to over throw their rulers. The French revolution being one of these countries, yet it affected the United states as it over through its monarchy. It was an extension of the American revolution in Europe. As their revolution becomes radicalized Federalist and Republicans take this issue to separate themselves even more. Federalist denounce the French revolution. While the republicans support the French revolution. -
Enlightenment Ideals on America in the late 18th Century
As the United States ended the revolutionary war, and begin to build up their country. The age of enlightenment began, not only in the Americans but in Europe also. This was a new era of growing education and advancement. Religion was becoming less important, people finally realizing that there should be a separation of church and state. This era gave ordinary citizens a voice, giving them more to say more freely. -
Prisons
In 1790, the first penitentiary was established in Pennsylvania. As punishment prisoner would work during the day and would be housed within prisons at night. Prisoners would be kept isolated as much as possible to think about their past actions and were constantly watch similar to todays prisons. One main difference was that the mentally ill and challenged would also be housed with the rest of general population, until mental institutions are started -
The Whiskey Rebellion
After the government places a high tax on on whiskey, farmers from all around Kentucky and Tennessee rebel back. About 6,000 threaten to Pittsburgh, because of how economically important whiskey was to their income. With such a large threat, Washington leads army against the people. Becoming the first major domestic test of a new constitution. -
Bank of the Unites States
Original used in a effort to stabilize the currency and the economy as a whole. For the people to make loans, and also a depository. Alexander Hamilton (one of the founding fathers) is the creator, so the bank is easily one of his most prized possession. Though the bank had positives effects on the Unites states, the people questioned its constitutionality. Was the government acquiring too much power? But in the end Washington sided with Hamilton and makes bank charter. -
Republicans (Jefferson)
Their has always been multiple political parties, but they're only set apart by differences in interpretation, still to this day. Thomas Jefferson was a well known, and likable republican. The republican had a very strict interpretation of the constitution. That we as the people should abide by exactly what is said. Also, that in the room for interpretation the states should have the power to give input, they wanted a lose central government rather than a strong one. -
Washington Farewell Address
Even though first president George Washington could've served literally as long as he wanted. After two terms he resigned and didn't run again. In doing this he wrote a thirty-two page long farewell. Leaving guidelines for the Americans and of course the presidents to come. Stating we should avoid conflict, and any type of permanent commitment or alliances with other countries. -
XYZ Affair
Jay's treaty caused problems within foreign affairs. Limited French trade, the French take English ships. American envoys go to France to try and fix the issues. American are met by nameless French diplomats known as X,Y, and Z. They request a personal apology from Adams, $250,000 each to talk to the American envoys, and a $10,000,000 loan from the United States. Word gets out and republicans are angered. An undeclared naval war begins and the army triples in size. -
Jefferson Administration
Newly elected, Thomas Jefferson was ready to come in and make American the best it could be. He planned to reduce not only the size of the government, taxes, , and also the national debt. He wanted the sever the connection between the United States government and the United states bank. He wanted to sell the undiscovered land to the west. Jefferson felt no need to be funding a national military, instead he thought to save money and rely on militias like in the past years. -
Election of 1800
John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson, leading up to the election we're just coming out of a naval war, and just gained the support of Napoleon / the French's against Britain. Also a sudden division of the federalist party, made John Adams look weak against Jefferson. Jefferson ends up tying with Aaron Burr, leaving the house of representatives to make the final decision, and Thomas Jefferson wins. This election is what caused the need for 12th amendment, separation of votes for President and VP. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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The Louisiana Purchase
As Thomas Jefferson president of the time wanted a nation of farmers. He was looking for ways of expansion, so when Napoleon Bonaparte threatens to close the port of New Orleans, Jefferson sends diplomats over to France in the pursuit of purchasing the territory. Even though Jefferson only wanted the port he ended up securing the entire Mississippi river that runs through the United States, because he was was so afraid of Napoleon backing out he just bought it and doubles the size of the U.S. -
Sacagawea
She was a translator on the expeditions of Lewis and Clark, she showed them the peaceful intentions of Natives in these new territories. The expeditions lasted three years and she stayed with them, informing Lewis and Clark about the plains Indians. Showed them the different ways of life. Land and agricultural wise as they mapped out and documented new territories she held a major help in their expedition. -
Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin was invented by slave Eli Whitney who was trying to make the deseeding process less labor intensive and he thought it would reduce labor and help the lives of slaves everywhere. When in actuality slavery was on a downfall before and once the cotton gin was integrated into southern plantations, slavery increased. More cotton was being produced, and the economic value of cotton skyrocketing. The north compartmentalized and brainwashed to beleive southern masters were protectors. -
Hartford Convention
After the war the federalist threaten to break up the union, because they want to strengthen New England's political position. Federalist wanted two thirds approval for basically every decision and also wanted to repeal the three fifths compromise. The federalist are named as traders and they're time as a political party is over. -
The Era of Good Feelings
The aftermath of the War of 1812 left American in a good state of living, for nearly ten years. Only republicans in office, which meant no bitter personal politics. President Monroe appoints people of different views to higher positions, adding diversity and giving decisions different opinions. He also (due to the presidential mansion being burned down by the British) deconstructed, rebuilt, and painted The White House, White. -
Waltham System
The Waltham system was introduced to bring more efficiency to the factories. They centralized the factorized and would hire a large labor force. Mainly women in the factories, within they would be housed, and all essential things needed that were inside of the walls on the factory. This let women earn more effiecntly and not have an commute to work, but they worked long hours and the conditions were horrible. -
Changes in Agriculture
As the United States figured out their political issues, more advancements were made for agriculturally for things to be easier and better. John Deer came up with the iron plow to easily harvest. Crank churns to make butter making more simple, and the cotton gin to make cultivation cotton much simpler. Though these innovations especially the cotton gin caused an increase in slavery. -
Changes in Transportation
In the Industrial Revolution era, everything was changing into new and more efficient ways. Modern roads were created, though not paved. Tolls on these roads were added to give the government more revenue. The steamboat made trade and getting up and down rives much easier. The eire canal which took 8 years to dig from the Atlantic in New York all the way to Lake Erie, opened an even larger and more efficient way to bring trade into the newly settled areas not on the coast of America. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
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2nd Bank of the United States
As the election of 1832 comes around the biggest political issue being faces in the United States was the banks. The banks in which Andrew Jackson hated. Also, what Henry Clay believes supporting would help him win the election. So, Nicholas Biddle, president of thebank was petitioned by Congress for an early renewal of the bank. In which they hoped for Jacksons Veto, which they got, but with Jacksons Bank Veto Speech he explained why he vetoed and Clay’s plan to win the presidency fell through. -
Mculloch vs. Maryland
Major Supreme Court of the United States case. Land marks the implied powers of the government. That the Federal government is supreme over state. Also that states can not take the place of the federal government. The south held more radical views on the rights of states, but this case seemed to give a broader understanding of how things should be. -
Missouri Compromise
In an act of admission of a new state, the norther and southern states held opposing ideas to owning slaves. In order to cause balance between free states and slave states. The United States Formed an invisible line at 36 degrees longitude, 30 degrees latitude. States above this line would be slavery free states. States below could own slaves. This would be a temporary solution until slavery could be dealt with.Guarantee of future conflict. -
The Second Great Awakening
The second great awakening began around 1800 but did not really begin to pick up until after 1820.This awakening again emphasized religious romanticism. Also emphasizing on the emotional and supernatural powers, rejected secularism, and rejected deism. The awakening led people to let morality take over by economics and politics. This establishes a sense of revivalism, the push for education grew, and the abstinence of alcohol or temperance became more of a need. -
Free-Black Communites
The north did not have slaves, because there was no need for them. So, free African Americans and some escaped slaves lived in what was called, " free black communities." Though they were free prejudice, racism, and segregation still occurred. Free blacks had o compete with immigrants and lower class for jobs. Which only stacked on more hostilities and prejudice. -
Temperance Movement
During the mid-1800’s alcohol consumption was at a high rate in the United States. Between poor and unhealthy living conditions, and long & hard-working hours. Americans would drink all day long, so the government put temperance into play. Temperance was abstainity from alcohol, which reduced the consumption of alcohol for the betterment of the people of America, and also placed a ban on Alcohol all together. -
Period: to
Cultural Changes
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Election of 1824
As the election came, James Monroe didn't have a hand-picked successor, so there were 4 potential candidates, but the main candidates were John Quincey Admas and Andrew Jackson. While Jackson wins the popular vote, Adams wins the electoral college and becomes president. Leaving Jackson bitter and angry, especially over the corrupt bargain between John Quincey Admas and Henry Clay, which gave gave the vice president slot. -
Texas
1824, Moses Austin secured Texas for settlement and after dying passed it onto his son Stephen F. Austin. In order to settle in Texas in terms with Mexico you had to convert to catholic, become a Mexican citizen, learn Spanish, and get rid of any slaves. Quickly the white outnumbered Mexicans and Texians began to disobey Mexican law. With 30,000 new white settlers by the 1830’s Texas wanted a separation from Mexico. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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Presidency of John Q. Adams
John Qunicey Adams came up with the idea of the Ameican Plan, which is a system in which he wanted and industry tariff, a new national bank, internal improvements (like railways and canals). Also wanted a national Unversity and a National Observatory. He was above politics and out of touch and unaware of popular democracy. Jackson was plotting on Adams and in his next campaign attacks Adams. -
Immigration
As the United States began to expand inward, and new cities were being interrogated. People from Europe and the old world slowly began to immigrate to the new world. Migration was very rual, but epidemics left a lot of Europeans with no options. The Irish potato famine left Ireland with virtually nothing to eat, Germans began to have poor harvest and their government was falling apart. Scandinavians & British came for the economic opportunity. Moving into north and midwestern areas of America. -
Election of 1828
The election of 1828 was the start of a new way sort of election. Jackson was coming for the presidency with a new sort of campaigning. He used his humble origins and military background to appeal to the common man. Since the republican party had faded he now was repping the democratic party. Jackson as part of his campaign the he began to personally attack John Quincey Adams as a womanizer. John Quincey Adams uses Jacksons wife against him, and this is where the nastiness of politics begun. -
John Calhoun
John Calhoun became the Vice President in the election of 1828 under Andrew Jackson. He advocated for nullifying the law (nullification Crisis) and he took the Kentucky resolutions further but resigned from being vice president over issue. The South Carolina convention is called and the crisis will end as Henry Clay reached a deal, and congress scales back tariffs. -
Shakers
As the second great awakening reigned on. Many new religions were created, one being the shakers. As a shaker they stayed celibate, didn’t believe in marriage, or procreation. This virtually killed of their religion before it even started. The shakers also believed in equality between all genders, they rejected domestically, they were communists who also did not own private property. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Slaves begin to resist slavery and see the unjust in their enslavement. So following Nat Turner to go against slavery and white supremacy was only right. Gaining access to weapons a group of slaves killed 50-60 white people. When found ever participant was killed. Northerns saw Nat Turner and the slaves that participated as heroic, but the south saw it as a capital offense and ended preaching for slaves. They also strengthened militias incase of another revolt. -
Whig Party
The Whig party was basically the republican party with a different name. Whigs favored a strong central government, defended minority rights, and were abolitionist. Whig party needed talented individuals to run the country, and they openly accepted and embraces minorities into the Whig party. The Whig party became protonate during the bank war, as the bank war persisted republicans came back under a new name aka The Whig party and they were Anti – elites -
Manifest Destiny
From the 1840’s on especially after a new acquisition on land for America, the fur trade, and just curiosity, a reach westward was being anticipated. This is where the idea of manifest destiny came from, the idea of America reaching from Atlantic to Pacific. Since the fur trade in the western frontier continued to expand the economic value was there. Then imperialism and Jackson’s democracy for a white future in the west. -
Election 1840
In 1840, Martin Van Burren runs for re-election as the democrat party and General William Henry Harrison ran as the Whig candidate. As Harrison was the common man and especially appealed to the people of his political party, The Whigs began to spread rumors against Van Burren that don’t appeal to the women of the United States, and as women could influence their husbands. William Harrison wins in a landslide but dies only a month after being inaugurated into office. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Election of 1844
A big part of electoral debate was what to do with Texas, between Tyler the Whig candidate, and Polk the Democratic contender. Polk had three goals he wanted to achieve, which was to annex Texas, settle the Oregon border with Britain, and to settle border disputes with Mexico in order to complete Manifest Destiny. Polk promised that if he completed his goals he would step down from office and of he didn’t he would still step down. Polk wins election in a close race -
Mormon Migration
As Mormons on the eastern coast of the United States were being victimized, and prejudiced. As they were only established in 1823, they were ostracized, harassed, and attacked. This led to the movement across America and settling in different communities throughout the Midwest. Mormons were required to deep their property to the church. Eventually after migration of the region took place. Mormon leader Joseph Smith is killed by an angry mob in jail. -
Brigham Young
Brigham Young wanted to get away with the church, so he left to Salt Lake Valley, Utah with members on the Mormon church. (which is the reason why Utah is still heavily populated by Mormons) He wanted to relocate away from the federal government, so he could run the church at his own will and not have to worry about the rules and regulation of the established United States. As the Mormons became established in the west, Young brought about the ideals of polygamy to the Mormon church. -
Sufferage
As the times changed, women began to work in order to support families Thus along with industrialization changed the American family life drastically. Women finally started to become political. Champions of temperance, anti-slavery, anti-Indian removal, and anti-prostitution. Women wanted their rights and they wanted to voice their opinion through voting. -
The election of 1848
In the election of 1848, Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and though unknown what political party General Zachary Taylor affiliated with is was assumable he was the Whig party candidate. Taylor throughout his campaign was virtually manipulating both sides of the United State. In the north he campaigned Willmont Proviso and in the south campaigned pro-slavery. This making him likable by most of the American people. -
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Sectionalism
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
This treaty ended the Mexican – American war in 1848. Settled the border of the United Stated and Mexico to be The Rio Grande. Treaty ended up seizing half of Mexico’s lands like modern day New Mexico, Colorado, Southern California, Nevada, and Arizona. Though the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo came with good, problems were to come with slavery, and many Americans saw problem with new territory. -
Seneca Falls Convention
1848, in New York Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott with 300 other men and women me to put together a declaration of sentiments and revolutions. They were fighting to secure rights in economics and voting. Media covered convention, but it was mostly negative media. Even with this the convention was still a cornerstone for future suffrage and women’s rights. -
California Gold Rush
In 1849 gold was found for the first time in California, causing migration of the thousands looking to get rich quick. Taking California’s population from eighteen thousand to around a hundred thousand. As gold was easy to find in creeks and rivers in the beginning, scarcity of gold pushed the opening of mine, first opening in California in 1852. -
The Compromise of 1850
the Compromise of 1850 composed of 5 separate bills in order to keep the peace between states and to try to keep free and slave states equal. Thus, adding California as a free state, and Arizona and Utah as Slave states. Texas disputes western lands, the federal government was to absorb Texas depts, and the slave trade was officially banded in Washington D.C. -
Bleeding Kansas
Starting in 1854, pro-slavery supporters recruited illegal voters in to vote in their favor. Pro-slavery winning and establishing Kansas as a pro-slavery government and the abolitionist settlers established their own government. Congress debating 2 separate government issue in Kansas, and Preston Brooks attacks Charles Sumner in front of Congress. This began the flow of massacres in Kansas that continued on until 1861. When U.S. troops arrive and put an end to the skirmishes. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansa – Nebraska act of 1854 was in introduced by Stephen Douglas, and Franklyn Peirce to make Kansas a slave state and Nebraska a free state. After southerners protested and wanted to abolish the Missouri compromise and the 36/30 rule. This act also pushed for a trans centennial railroad through the south. -
Dred Scott vs. Sandford
The Dread Scott case of 1857 was a revolutionary case of a former slave against a former master. Dread Scott the former slave tried to sue his former master after years of living in a free state and his former master tried to reclaim him as a slave. SCOTUS ruled that Dred Scott should never have been free in the first place, and slaves aren’t citizens and do not have the right to sue. Supreme court rules that congress can not regulate slavery in any territories North or South -
John Brown’s Raid
John Brown an abolitionist in Virginia believed that God chose him to destroy slavery. He wanted to invade the south and start a slave revolt, which he did he led a raid into Harpers Ferry, Virginia and took control of the town and arsenal. Planned revolt across the south but was quickly defeated by the marines. Brown and the other raiders are tried and hung. Brown becomes a martyr in the North and greatly helped the abolitionist cause. -
Copperheads
The copperheads were a group of peace-loving democrats wanting a ceasefire of the war. Though some did support the confederacy, and some did not support Lincoln and saw him as a tyrant. Though the copperheads just wanted an end to the civil war they were vilified by pro-union media, and Lincoln shuts down the anti-union newspaper. Some were arrested for confederate sympathies or anti-union rhetoric. -
Crittenden Compromise
The Crittenden Compromise proposed re-instituting the 36°30° to the pacific, but President (elect at the time) Lincoln shot it down, he favored constitutional protection of slavery. With this proposal the Confederate States of America decided to succeed from the union and wouldn’t go back because they wanted to be left alone. In succession they captured all federal property in the south except for two forts. -
North
The civil war was a time of American destruction, and the north was a powerhouse. With a population of twenty-two million, the large-scale industrialization of over 110,000 factories. The north economic value of this time coming in at 1.5 billion, as they manufactured around ninety-seven percent of American weapons, ninety-four percent of clothing, and ninety percent of shoes & boots. The north was also in control of the 30,000 miles of railroads. They were fighting to uphold the constitution. -
South
The south from the beginning was the underdog, with a population of nine million, and less than eighteen thousand factories in the south. As they were fighting to keep their slaves, around 4,000,000 slaves worked in the southern territory. The souths economic value coming in at $155,000 and they only manufactured 3% of weapons. The south also only had control of nine thousand miles of railroads. Though they had less than the north they were determined and had great military leadership. -
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The Civil War
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1st Bull Run (1st Manassas)
The first battle of bull run occurred on July 21, 1861, and it was the first major battle of the civil war, over three hundred thousand union soldiers march south just to be beaten terrible. As troops fled back to Washington D.C. Lincoln does two things. First authorizing the enlistment of one million Union men to serve in the civil war. Secondly, grants George McClellan leader of the army of Potomac, and he the army well trained fairly quick. -
Emancipation Proclamation
On January First, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln, just in time for Britain to pull away from allying with the Confederacy gives the Emancipation Proclomation, this proclamation will change the whole war around in favor of the union. Lincoln declares all slaves to be free through the Union, making the Civil War officially about slavery issues mainly affecting the south. Though Lincoln declares slaves free, he allows a special exception for border states. -
Draft Riots
During mid-July of 1863, in New York City, many union citizens were upset over conscriptions and union taxes, and the poor northers of New York City begin to violently protest against the government plans to build up the Union military force and the raises in taxes that they saw as unjust. The protest were conducted by lynching freed African Americans who lived in the north and also other immigrants. -
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
As reconstruction began there were many different plans on what to do with the south and President Lincoln came up with the ten percent plan. This plan would pardon all southerners except officers and officials. With this they would be required to take an oath of loyalty to the Union, and for states to be readmitted they must apply for federal recognition and re-invent their state government. -
Wade-Davis Bill
A different plan on what to do with the south was known as the Wad-Davis Bill. This bill wanted to punish the confederate leaders and destroy slave south. They wanted citizens to go under oath and declare that they never aided the confederacy, and the bill wanted confederate officers completely stripped of their citizenship. State would also have to go through a long punishment and show clear commitment to the Union to be readmitted under this bill. -
Black Codes
After the civil war, the lives of everyone especially those in the South. Once slaves were officially freedmen their lives changed for not necessarily the better. Though they were“free” they still had limits on their civil rights, and their economic opportunity these limitations were called black codes. They exploited the workforces, so blacks could only work on plantations. These codes outlawed interracial marriages, and restricted African Americans from serving on juries. -
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Reconstruction
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Appomattox Courthouse
April 1865, in Petersburg/ Richmond a siege is being held in effects to starve out General Robert E. Lee’s army. Which forced them to retreat and with this General Robert E. Lee and General Ulysses S. Grant meet in the court house of Appomattox and General Lee officially surrenders to General Grant. By late June all confederates forced to surrender, and the confederacy is officially beatin; the Union wins the Civil War. -
Election of 1868
The election of 1868, gave way for political moderation and peace after the waring and hostility period of the United States was going through. The republican party won under Presidential elect Ulysses S. Grant, and though American was out of the trenches, this election shows how racist not only the southern United States, but the North also. This election became very important for the black vote, but it also called for a lot of violence and intimidation by the white majority. -
14th Amendment
]The fourteenth amendment was a fundamental change to the United States society. This defines a United States citizen as being born in the United States. This entitled equal protections of the law, gave southern representation in Congress if their freedman’s rights were denied. Also included prohibited financial compensation for ex-slave owners. They were the rights that were finally given to the African Americans after years of inhuman treatment. -
Andrew Johnson Administration
After Lincoln’s assassination vice president Andrew Johnson is appointed the president. He opposed secession, was very racist, and even promoted linnet admission of the Confederate states. Making states only state an oath of loyalty, renounce secession, and return all property to rightful owners. He pardoned high ranked military officers including General Robert E. Lee Which, in reality, led to his impeachment by Congress, and Andrew Johnson became the first president to ever be impeached. -
Vagrancy
After the civil war, and a lot of African Americans in the south were left homeless. Since they were homeless many were arrested for wandering and not having a home. They were forced to work on plantations to pay fines off, and the children of vagrants forced into apprenticeship until 21. With this, they were forced into signing long-term contracts, and if the contracts were broken under the terms of them leaving for any reason. They would be unpaid and would have to restart their whole term.
