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Ottoman Empire
Various subject peoples staged revolts against the Ottoman's, hoping to set up their own independent states. -
Austrian-Hungarian Empire
Over the centries of the Hapsburgs ruling in Austria, they had aquired the territories of Bohemia, and Hungary, as well as parts of Romainia, Ukraine, and northern Italy. -
Unification of Germany
At the congress of Vienna, Metternich pointed out that a united Germany would require dismantling the government of each German state. Instead, the peacemakers created the German Confederation, a weak alliance headed by Austria. -
Unification of Italy
Nationalist revolts had started, calling for a unified nation. -
Unification of Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini founded a secret society named Young Italy, they together took over Rome. -
Unification of Italy
Also, Mazzini and Young Italy established a revolutionary govt., but the French seized power back. -
Austrian-Hungarian Empire
When nationalist broke out , the government crushed them. -
Unification of Italy
King Victor Emmanuel II appointed Count Camillo Cavour his Prime Minister. -
Unification of Italy
Cavour made a secret alliance with France. -
Unification of Italy
Cavour provoked a war with Austria and with France's help they defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy within a few weeks. -
Unification of Italy
Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of Italy. -
Unification of Germany
King William I made Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister. -
Unification of Germany
Prussia declears war with Denmark and Austria. Also Bismarck's first maneuver was to form an alliance with Austria. -
Unification of Germany
Bismarck attacked Austria and defeated them as well as took control of the norther states of Germany. -
Austrian-Hungarian Empire
Ferenc Deak, a moderate Hungarian leader, helped work out a compromise that created a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. -
Unification of Germany
France declared war on Prussia which was also known as the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. The Prussian Army as well as the other German States defeated the badly organized and poorly supplied French Army. -
Unification of Germany
In January, German nationalists celebrated the birth of the second Reich, or empire. Also Bismarck drafted a constitutution that set up a two-house legislature, and he became chancellor of the German empire. -
Unification of Germany 1871-1878
Bismarck launched the Kulturkampf, or "Battle for civilization," which lasted from 1871 to 1878. His goal was to make the Catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to the church. -
Unification of Germany
Germans had health and accident insurance as well as old-aged insurance to provide retirement benefits. But while still under Bismarck's control, Germany was a pioneer in social reform.