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Lasted around 200 years and combined Lower and Upper Egypt, united by Menes, the first pharoah
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The Sumerians were divided into city-states and fought each other to gain more land.
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The Chinese settled along the Huang He and the Chang Jiang river.
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It was started by challengers of the First Dynasty and eventually took over Egypt.
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The Third Dynasty was the beginning of the Old Kingdom. Egypt kept developing its social structure.
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He was best known for the monuments built to him. He was an Egyptian pharaoh, in fact, the most famous one of the Old Kingdom.
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A ruler of Akkadia named Sargon extended Akkadian land and he conquered northern Mesopotamia too. Sargon was the first ruler with a permanent army. He also built Akkad, a new capital.
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The Harappans had two main cities: Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. The civilization was quite advanced compared to the standards of that time.
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We aren't sure if they existed, but its legendary founder was Yu the Great.
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Egypt was united into the Middle Kingdom by Mentuhotep II, after around 160 years of chaos.
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The Aryans arrived soon after the Harappans disappeared. They eventually became the main people group in India.
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The Babylonians, Hittites, Kassites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and the Phoenicians all developed around the Fertile Crescent. Control of the region passed from one to another as they fought for land.
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The earliest people to be considered Greek were the Mycenaeans, and they built fortresses all over Greece. The other people in the area were the Minoans, who lived on Crete, but were not really considered Greek.
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Kush was in the land of Nubia, which was under Egypt and traded with them and sometimes fought with them.
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The Hebrews' religion was Judaism and the people are traced back to Abraham. One of the leaders was Moses and he led them out of slavery in Egypt. Two of their famous kings are David and Solomon. They were conquered by Rome in 63 BC.
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Babylon was located near what is now Baghdad in Iraq. Used to be a Sumerian town.
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Hammurabi became king and ruled for 42 years. Created Hammurabi's Code, the world's earliest-known set of laws and it was available for all to see.
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The Hittites captured Babylon but their leader was assassinated and then plunged into chaos.
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Begun by Ahmose after driving out the Hyskos. The period in which Egypt experienced its "golden age". Lots of conquering done by Egypt, which made it rich.
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Thutmose I's army took over Kush after he feared that they were getting too powerful.
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They had China's first writing system and developed a calendar based on moon cycles.
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Ramses the Great's reign was one of the longest in Egyptian history- beginning in the 1200s BC.
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They had the Mandate of Heaven. Confucianism started then.They also made a new political order with the king at the top and peasants at the bottom.
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The Spartans were dominated by the military, and even women and children learned to fight. The women had many more rights than women in that time period. Their main rival was Athens and when Athens turned the Delian League into their empire, Sparta and Athens started the Peloponnesian War.
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Athens valued education, thinking, and arts. Girls, however, barely received any education, while boys studied a variety of things.Women's rights were very minimal.The end of Athens was when Hellenistic Macedonia and Greece fell.
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After Kush broke free of Egypt's rule, King Kashta invaded Egypt and conquered Upper Egypt in 751 BC. His son Piankhi managed to finish what his father started later by ending up with all of Egypt under his rule in 716 BC.
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Mahavira's teachings became the base of Jainism, which teaches: don't hurt people, be honest, don't steal, and don't own anything. They practice nonviolence.
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The Buddha was the founding father of Buddhism. He meditated on the meaning of life and traveled throughout India, spreading his ideas.
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Developed Confucianism, which is made up of moral values. His ideas were collected in a book called The Analects.
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The Chaldeans conquered the Jews and enslaved them in Babylon, and then were conquered by the Persians, who let the Jews return to Jerusalem. The people who chose to leave the area went to various parts of the Persian Empire. This is called the Diaspora.
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Cleisthenes started democracy, because he didn't want the aristocracy to run the government. All citizens were allowed to participate in assemblies that made laws and speak their own opinion.
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Under Pericles, Athens reached its golden age. He started to pay the people who worked in public offices and believed that government was as important as defending the city during war. He led the Athenians from 460 B C to 429 BC.
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The Peloponesian War started when Sparta declared war to try to stop Athen's power from growing. Sparta won, which made them the most powerful city in Greece. It ended in 404 BC when Athens surrendered after being besieged by Sparta.
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He was the son of King Philip II and was king of Macedonia. He was a strong leader and made many conquests, with his empire stretching all the way to India. He died very young at the age of 33 in 323BC.
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Founded by Candragupta Maurya in northern India. Their strongest ruler was Asoka, Candragupta's grandson.
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One of their most famous emperors was Shi Huangdi and he made everyone follow his rules and expanded the empire.
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The Jewish people refused to obey Romans, and led by the Zealots, they revolted against Rome, and that lasted for four years. However, the Jews lost and their Second Temple was burned by the Romans.The remaining Zealots barricaded themselves in the ancient desert fortress of Masada, which was eventually breached by Romans, but not before the Zealots all committed suicide.
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The Jews were still unhappy with Roman rule, so they revolted again. They still lost and then the Romans banned all of them from going near Jerusalem, which prompted the migration of Jews throughout the Mediterranean.
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Liu Bang was the first common person to become emperor, and he did it through the belief of Mandate of Heaven. Emperor Wudi made Confucianism the official philosophy. Family life was one of the centers of their society.
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The Guptas were Hindu, and outsiders admired them. They used the Hindu caste system.
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Aesop is known for his collection of fables, which often have morals to teach people.
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The Persians were one of the great empires. Cyrus II was one of their most famous leaders, and because of his achievements, we call him Cyrus the Great. The army consisted of the Immortals, who were like the elite force, and the cavalry.They tried to conquer Greece numerous times, and also conquered the Indus Valley.
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He founded Sikhism, which has ideas from many religions. They are monotheistic.
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The Dead Sea Scrolls were found by two boys in a cave. Researchers eventually discovered more scrolls in the area. They contained prayers, commentaries, letters, and parts of the Hebrew Bible.
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The birth of Gautama Buddha launched the religion of Buddhism, which I can see all around me in Penang and the rest of Asia. A lot of the population is Buddhist and some of my family in Taiwan is too.
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The Athenians developed the idea of democracy, and today, we see that practice integrated into things all around us, like in countries and organizations, where people vote and make decisions. For example, the USA is a democratic republic, where the people choose representatives to vote on issues for them.
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Euclid was a Greek mathematician, and a lot of the geometry we study today in math class comes from his teachings. So, imagine if Euclid never existed: we wouldn't know much about geometry and we probably wouldn't have so much math homework!
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All around me, I can see Asian families teaching children to respect elders and obey parents. Confucianism was a government philosophy in Han China that emphasized family heavily, especially respect for elders. I think that's why we see families drilling that into children from a very young age.