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Adolf Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany and later assumes dictatorial powers. German rearmament takes off. -
Under German pressure, the Slovaks declare their independence and form a Slovak Republic. The Germans occupy the dismantled Czech lands in violation of the Munich agreement and form the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. -
Germany invades Poland, inciting Poland’s allies Britain and France to declare war on Germany. -
Working in concert with Hitler, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin orders the invasion of Poland, securing a share of Polish territory. -
Warsaw surrenders to German troops. Poland holds out for another 9 days before capitulating. -
British cruisers defeat a German pocket battleship at the Battle of the River Plate, the first major naval engagement of World War II. -
Germany invades Norway, ending a 6-month period of limited land operations called the “Phony War.” -
Winston Churchill replaces Neville Chamberlain as British Prime Minister. The same day, Germany invades Belgium. -
The trapped British army evacuates to England from Dunkirk, France, surviving to fight another day. -
Paris falls to German forces. France capitulates 11 days later. -
The Battle of Britain pits German bombers against British fighters in a thwarted German prelude to invasion. -
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, starting war with the US. Sensing weakness, Hitler declares war on America 4 days later.