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into this mixed religous environment of Mecca, around A.D 570, Muhammad was born.
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By the early 600s, many Arabs had chosen to settle in an oasis or in a market town.
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By the early 600, trade routes connected Arabia to the major ocean and land trade routes.
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By 613, Muhammad had begun to preach publicly in Mecca,but he met with some hostility.
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The Hijrah After some of his followers had been attacked, Muhammad decided to leave Mecca in 622.
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In 630, Muhammad and 10,000 of his followers marched to the outskirts of Mecca.
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When Muhammad died in 632, the community faced a crisis.
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In 632, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph, a title that means "successor" or "deputy."
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When Abu-Bakr died in 634, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia.
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In 656, Uthman was murdered, starting a civil war in which various groups struggled for power.
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In 661 Ali was assassinated.
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The Dome of the Rock was completed in 691 and is part of larger complex, which is the third most holy place in Islam.
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The Berber armies advanced north to within 200 miles of Paris before being halted at the Battle of Tours in 732
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Rebel groups overthrew the Umayyads in the year 750
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When the Abbasids came to power in 750, they ruthlessly murdered the remaining members of the Umayyad family.
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By 750, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to Indus River.
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The Abbasids caliphate lasted from 750 to 1258.
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To solidify power, the Abbasids moved the capital of the empire in 762 to a newly created city, Baghdad, in central Iraq.