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late 300s, Germanic peoples migrated into the empire for warmer climate and better grazing land. -
378 - Rebelled Roman rule.
410 - Visigothic chief led his people to Italy, capturing and sacking Rome.
451 - Romans and Visigoths combined to stop the Huns.
453 - The Huns retreated to eastern Europe.
455 - The Vandals raided and sacked Rome.
476 - German soldier seized control of Rome. -
the eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire -
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Byzantine Empire was ruled by Justinian. Theodora, his wife, was politically talented and helped him rule without challenge after the first invasion.
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Muslim prophet -
Islamic holy struggle
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700 - tie between military service and land ownership characterized feudalism.
900 - took hold of northern France. Rankings:
first - kings
middle - lords
lower middle - vassals, a noble who served the next higher ranked lord.
bottom - knights Vassals officiated their loyalty to their lord through a ceremony called homage. Vassals pledged to feeding their lord when they visited, paying their ransoms, offering gifts, etc. -
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nearly doubled the borders of his kingdom, soon became known as the Frankish Empire.
revived learning. -
Charlemagne was named emperor by the Pope
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raiders from Scandinavia
"to go a-viking" - to fight as a warrior. -
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united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and defeated the Danes -
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The first people of the steppes to engage in conquest.
The Seljuk Turks, a group of Muslim Turks, moved from central Asia to the Middle East. -
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Steppe – much of the vast plains, thick forests, and mighty rivers North of the Black Sea.
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Guilds created standards for their products and regulations for sale.
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the nine expeditions by European Christians to recover the Holy Land
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invaded England and defeated Harold Godwinson, winning him the English crown. -
Medieval Ages, literally "the Middle Ages"
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created a royal treasury for tax collection.
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became the dominant nomadic group on central Asia. Their homeland was Mongolia
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set a system of common law. with a grand jury and petit jury to establish guilt of innocence
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ruled France
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conquered the steppe people, most being Turks.
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they won
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places clear limits on royal power. prevented kings from collecting taxes without permission from the Great Council. Assure freemen the right of trial by jury.
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during his rule, increased population formed a new social class, the middle class.
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helped break down feudalism,
increased authority of the kings,
levied taxes,
raised armies,
and cooperated on a large scale. -
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The House of Lords(nobles and clergy) and the House of Commons(knights and burgesses)
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a church court set up to stamp out heresy
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designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports of an economy -
People were outraged by the British government.
The British were at a disadvantage of trying to fight a long-distance war.
1777- British defeat at Saratoga, New York.
France joined the American side.
1779- Spain followed.
1781- Americans forced the British army to surrender at Yorktown, Virginia.
1783- Great Britain recognized American independence. -
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they wrote the Constitution of the United States, a strong, but flexible, framework for a new national government.
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