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104
Invention of Paper 104 AD
Wisconsin Paper By the year 4000 B.C. the need to record and keep information was evidenced by the Sumerians who used clay tablets to chisel information on. China's Ts'ai Lun invents paper using the bark of a mulberry tree and bamboo which he pounded together with water. Eventually the mixture was left to dry on a linen screen creating a fine material suitable for writing. -
Jan 1, 1448
Invention of Printing Press
Brittanica OnlineIn the 12 century, Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing press allowing for the quality mass production of books and important documents for the first time in history. -
Visual Instruction Movement
Beginning in the first decade of the 20th century, educational film was first being produced. The 1900's to the 1920's became known as the Visual Instruction Movement. Charts, maps graphs, stereographs, stereopticons, slides, and motion pictures helped to define this period. -
School Museums
School Museums began opening in places like St. Louis , Reading, Pennsylvania, and Cleveland, Ohio. Materials housed in the museum were considered to be supplemental. Visual media housed in the museums were generally films, slides, and photographs as well as charts, graphs, and other supplemental materials. -
Keystone View Company
Keystone View Company publishes Visual Education, a Teacher's Guide to Lantern Slides and Stereographs. -
Audiovisual Instruction Movement
The 1920's and 30's saw advancements in radio broadcasting, sound recordings, and sound motion pictures. This time period in history became known as the audiovisual instruction movement. -
B F Skinner
Simply Psychology Because instructional design must include how someone learns, theories of learning must be included. B.F. Skinner (1938) coined the term operant conditioning; it means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response. Skinner identified three types of responses or operants that can follow behavior. -
Instructional Design in WWII
Psychologists including Robert Gagne, Leslie Briggs, and John Flanagan were influential in the creation and development of military training materials. The materials were created to reflect the instructional principles of research and theory of instruction, learning , and human behavior. -
World War II Training Films
Films with sound were created in mass during the 1940's as they were widely recognized as a means to provide training to a large group of people in a timely manner. It is estimated that between the years 1943-1945 over 4 million showings of war time training films were viewed by soldiers. -
Cone of Experience
Cone of Experience Edgar Dale in 1946 wrote a textbook on audiovisual methods in teaching. His device, the Cone of Experience, helped to define ways people learned through mediated learning experiences. -
Theories of Communication - Shannon and Weaver 1949
In post war America, several theories of communication were developed. For example, Shannon and Weaver focused on the communication process in which it involved a sender and a receiver of a message and a channel through which the message was sent. They argued that during the PLANNING of the communication process it was important to consider ALL the elements and not just focus on the medium. -
Instructional Television
During 1952, the Federal Communications Commission set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes. Funding helped move educational television forward with money from the Ford Foundation. During the decade from 1950 - 60, Closed Circuit TV was used in school systems. Colleges began offering courses via public television. However, in school uses for instructional television soon waned by the 1960s. -
Blooms Taxonomy
BloomsIn 1956, Benjamin Bloom headed a group of educational psychologists who developed a classification of levels of intellectual behavior important in learning. This became a taxonomy including three overlapping domains; the cognitive, affective and psychomotor. -
Robert Gagne Conditions of Learning
Gagne
Gagne's theory states there are several different types or levels of learning and that each level requires a different type of instruction. -
First Definition by AECT
State of the Field
Department of Audiovisual Instruction (AECT) was the first major organization to approve a definition of Instructional Technology. Audiovisual communications is the branch of educational theory and practice concerned with the design and use of messages which control the learning process. -
Instructional Television 1960-70
Instructional Television turned from being a formal instructional tool, to one used more for programming providing cultural and informational presentations as well as educational entertainment. -
Second Definition - Commission on Instructional Technology
State of the Field
This commission wrote two definitions. The first defined the field in a familiar sense as it regaurded the use of media. The second definition clearly defines a systematic process that includes the specification of objectives and the design, implementation, and evalution of instruction -
Association for Educational Communication and technology
State of the Field
In 1977 AECT redefined the term. Educational technology is a complex, integrated process, involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and organization, for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning -
Computers in Instruction
While we may think that computers came on the scene for instruction in the 1980s, computer-assisted instruction was being used as far back as the 1950's and 60's in both public school and university schools.
With the advent of personal computers, thoughts began to turn again to computers being used for instruction. -
Human Performance Improvement Movement
This movement still continues today, influencing the filed of IDT. It emphasises on the job performance, business results, and non-instructional solutions to performance problems. -
Definition: Beyond Viewing Instructional Technology as a Process
State of the Field
Again a new definition emerged as AECT published Instroctional technology: The Definitions and Domains of the Field.Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning. -
Computers in Instruction
The 1990s saw an increase in the number of computers being placed in schools. Yet, computers were not being utilized for instructional practice. -
Constructivism on IDT
Learning Theories
Vygotsky's social development theory is the basis for the constructivist theory. This theory influences instructional design in that good instructional design adheres to the learner being actively engaged in the learning process. -
e- Learning
The Internet has greatly influencesd the field of instructional design. With instruction now able to be delivered online, the field of IDT has opened up with new job opportunities for instructioanl designers to develop online learning for both education and business. With this came an increase in learning and performance in the workplace -
Latest AECT Definition
State of the Field
In 2008. AECT released the latest definition to define the field of Instructional Design and Technology. Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. -
References
Unless otherwise noted in the timeline, the references for this timeline are:
Reiser, R., & Dempsey, J. V. (2013). Trends and issues in instructional design and technology. (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.'
All images from:
http:\www.bing.com\images
