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–Spain gives U.S. navigation rights on Mississippi River, New Orleans
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– nuclear power accident causes concern of nuclear safety
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– Established the Supreme Court
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– Federalists oppose it, Anti-Federalists support (U.S. Neutral)
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(opposed by Jefferson)
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– illegal to help slaves escape
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–Keeps America neutral after France declares war on Britain, Spain, and Holland (example of U.S. foreign policy)(by George Washington)
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-Creates massive increase of slaves in the South
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–1st time U.S. Government uses Federal troops to subdue domestic issues (Farmers did not like new excise taxes)
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– U.S. cheaply pays 12 Native American tribes for Ohio territory
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-John Adams (Federalist) defeats Thomas Jefferson (Republican) in first contested Presidential Election; Jefferson becomes Vice President
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–French try to extort U.S. for diplomatic meetings – public wants war
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– expands Gov’t power, limit dissent and weakening of Gov’t, ruled unconstitutional
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– increase state rights over Federal rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
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– major religious reform movement; helps increase abolition
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move helps gain Southern support for Hamilton’s economics
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– not known to Jefferson if it was constitutional to annex land, Congress approves purchase from France, doubles the size of U.S.
Lewis and Clark Expedition sets to survey land of Louisana Purchase (Sacagawea guided)
Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel -
– placed by Jefferson on Britain/France; fails – hurts U.S. economy
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-Congress declares war on Britain (issues – impressments, blockades, economy, Native Americans)
-Native Americans begin attacking U.S. settlers (weapons provided by Britain)
-Treat of Ghent ends War of 1812
-Harford Convention – New England’s states threaten secession; Federalist Party is no more
-‘Era of Good Feelings’ (one party politics) begins in the U.S.
– U.S independence finally confirmed – Good relations with Britain begins (i.e. sharing of Oregon Territory) -
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– transportation revolution
-Sectional Tension between North and South increases over Slavery
-Major economic differences develop b/n North and South related to slavery -
– construction begins (connects Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean)
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– ruling confirms Congresses’ right to found the 2nd
Bank of the United States -
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– sets dividing line between free and slaves states at
latitude 36’30’ o Above line (free), Below line (slave) -
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– claims western hemisphere closed to European intervention (first major U.S. foreign diplomacy)
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– establishes federal control of interstate commerce
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-Two party system fully emerges in U.S. politics for first time
-Indian Removal Act
– authorizes westward relocation of Native Americans
-Cyrus McCormick – invents mechanical reaper – transforms agriculture
-Ralph Waldo Emerson – transcendentalism (individualism)
– Thoreau – Civil Disobedience
-Spoils System – giving government positions to friends or colleagues (Andrew Jackson)
-Horace Mann – reforms in education
– Cherokee tribes sent on forced removal to Oklahoma, 4,000 die on way -
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– U.S. destiny and duty to expand and conquer the west
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– wants immediate emancipation (he was white)
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– creates North Star abolitionist newspaper, writes Narratives
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– ends Mexican War, Mexico cedes Texas and all land north of the Rio Grande to U.S. (creates modern border of the U.S. with Gadsden Purchase)
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– North gets California as free states, ban of sale of slaves in D.C.
-South gets stricter enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act, $10 mil to Texas -
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– repeals Missouri Compromise, popular sovereignty to determine slave/free states
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– John Brown leads antislavery massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, fight over slavery in Kansas
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– ruling effectively nullifies Missouri Compromise, declares that slaves are property – cannot sue.
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– Stephen Douglas wins Illinois Senate seat. Lincoln a household name
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-leads attack on arsenal at Harper’s Ferry; later captured and hanged
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-Jefferson Davis – 1st and only President
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– confederates attack Union
– war starts -
– 160 acres to each farmer willing to cultivate land in West
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– bloodiest battle of the Civil War
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– turning point of Civil War; South never recovers
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– frees slaves in only Confederate states; foreign diplomacy!
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– ‘March to Sea’
– Atlanta to Savannah
– destroys everything! -
– abolishes slavery
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Gen. Robert E. Lee (confederacy) surrenders at Appomattox Court House to Union Gen. Ulysses Grant
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by John Wilkes Booth; Andrew Johnson now President
Reconstruction (1865-1877) -
– limits rights of freed blacks
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– grants citizenship to all people born in U.S. (14th Amendment)
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– used to impeach Andrew Johnson (said he had violated it)
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– connects the coasts of the United States; greatest transportation achievement
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– grants protection of voting rights to black males
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– first black senator
– Mississippi -
– greatest example of a political machine (NYC)
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– authority of state governments over individuals
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– corruption in Grants administration & Republican party
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Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse lead Sioux to crushing victory of General George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn
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– gets women’s suffrage vote to Congress – leads to 19th Amendment
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– gradual approach to equal rights – prove yourself W.E.B Dubois – changes in civil rights now; founds the NAACP
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– bans Chinese immigration for 10 years
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– Standard Oil Trust; Andrew Carnegie – Steel
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– denies tribal rights, advances forced assimilation, opens lands to whites
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– Federal forces massacre 200 Sioux Indians
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– outlaws monopolies, price-fixing, other trade restraints
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– formed specifically to give farmers a voice in government
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– journalism that features unethical or unprofessional practices by news media
organizations or individual journalists. -
– ‘Separate but Equal’ is constitutional (overturned by Brown vs. Board of Education)
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– voting rights of blacks challenged with literacy tests and poll taxes
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– Teddy Roosevelt leads Rough Riders, U.S. crushes Spain’s Navy
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– ends the Spanish-American War
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– U.S. attempt to gain foothold in Chinese markets
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-Teddy Roosevelt now 26th President
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– increases U.S. presence in Latin America
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– writers who expose big business corruption
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Meat Inspection – set food quality standards
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– connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (opens in 1914)
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– establishment of income tax , 17th Amend.– direct election of senators
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– gets warning from U.S.
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– intercepted by British, asks for Germany/Mexico alliance against U.S.;
US. Enters WWI -
- establishes the draft
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– by Woodrow Wilson, 14th pt most important – calls for League of Nations
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– ends WWI; calls for heavy reparations on Germany, disarmament, and creation of League of Nations; U.S. Senate rejects it
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– outlaws purchase, sale, and transport of alcohol
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– women’s suffrage (right to vote)
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– exposes massive corruption in Harding Administration
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– ease war reparations on Germany
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– popularizes debate over teaching evolution in schools
– outlawed -
– completes world’s first solo flight across Atlantic
– seen as a hero -
– executed for murder; controversial because the were anarchists, politically
motivated and unjustified -
– ‘Black Tuesday’ – launches Great Depression Great Depression and New Deal (1930-1939)
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(WWI vets) march on Washington demanding compensation – forced out
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-FDR claims Bank Holiday to fix banks
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– FDR address public on radio – continues to 1944 – gives public hope
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– creation of countless jobs, most productive of any president’s 1st 100 days
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- to employ public works oAAA – controls crop production, compensates farmers for cooperation oTVA – established to construct dams in Tennessee River to generate electricity oNIRA – sets nationwide business practices oNRA – manage industry recovery oPWA – employ jobless
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– shifts presidential inaugurations from March to January
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– repeals 18th amendment (prohibition)
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– criticizes FDR, “Share Our Wealth” proposes large tax burden on wealthy
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– supports union rights, protects collective bargaining
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– establishes funds for unemployed and elderly
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– agreement b/n U.S President FDR and Britain Prime Minister Churchill
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– provides U.S. loan aid to Britain, USSR & allied powers
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– motivate U.S. citizens to support war efforts
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– U.S. enters the War
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– imprisonment of Japanese in California
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– U.S. defeats Japan, seen as turning point in the war in the Pacific
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– creation of the Atomic Bomb
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-France on D-DAY, June 6, 1944 (largest land/sea invasion)
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– begins to break down Axis position on western front
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– prosecute Nazi war criminals Baby Boom, Economic Prosperity, and the Cold War (1946-1960)
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– describes division of Communist Eastern Europe from Western Europe
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– U.S. intent to fight Communism by helping free nations resist it.
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– postwar economic recovery to help Western Europe; largest relief aid given by the U.S. in U.S. history
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– USSR
-blocks all aid into West Berlin; Berlin Airlift – U.S. drops food and supplies by air to West Berlin -
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– alliance system of 26 countries in North America and Europe
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-U.S. aids South Korea against North Korea; Peace Treaty in 1953
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– begins rabid anti-communist campaign; hurt when he accuses military of having communists; alcoholic
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– Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage;
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– overturns Plessy vs. Ferguson; says separate but equal is unconstitutional
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-(Truman) must stop spread of all communism; “Domino Theory” (Eisenhower) – fears that Indochina must not go communist or it will spread all over the world
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– temporally divides Vietnam at 17th parallel
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- for not giving up seat on bus to whites; sparks Montgomery Bus Boycott
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– creates polio vaccine
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– Sputnik
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– JFK vs. Nixon (JFK wins); JFK president 1960
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- spark waves of civil rights protest; SCLC created by MLK, Jr.
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– failed invasion of Cuba by U.S. (CIA) trained military
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– divides East and West Berlin (East was communist)
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– standoff b/n U.S. and USSR after Soviets placed missiles in Cuba pointed at the United States; no fighting incurs
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-speech given by MLK
– speech for civil rights -
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– launches “Great Society” program to end poverty and racism
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– bans discrimination in education, employment, & public places
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– broadens LBJ’s military powers in Vietnam – no declare war
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– blamed whites for African American problems; assassinated
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- police must read suspects their rights
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– first black justice of the Supreme Court
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– turning point of U.S. in Vietnam
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– hurts Civil Rights movement
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– U.S. soldiers kill 200 innocent men, women, and children
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– 7,000 page document outlining U.S. government plan in Vietnam; shows gov’t was not telling truth to public.
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– Nixon authorizes break-in and wiretapping of Democratic National Committee headquarters in Watergate complex in Washington, D.C.
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– legalizes abortion (up to 3 months)
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– fuel shortage in U.S. due to OPEC raising prices
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-North Vietnam overtakes South after departure
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– pardons Nixon; Ford is only President never voted into office.
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– Carter negotiates peace between Egypt and Israel
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– space based missile defense proposed
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-crew killed; space program never the same
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-starts Operation Desert Storm
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-appoints Janet Reno first female attorney genera