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Description: Conflict in North America between France and its Native American allies against Britain and its colonial subjects.
Cause: Rivalry for territorial dominance in North America.
Effect: Britain gained significant territory but incurred heavy debt leading to colonial taxation. -
Description: Native American uprising against British military occupation.
Cause: Dissatisfaction with British post-war policies in the Great Lakes region.
Effect: Led to changes in British policies towards Native Americans and the colonial frontier. -
Description: British declaration forbidding colonists from settling west of the Appalachians.
Cause: Pontiac's Rebellion and efforts to stabilize relations with Native Americans.
Effect: Angered settlers and fueled tensions between Britain and its colonies. -
Description: British tax on printed materials in the colonies.
Cause: Britain's need to repay war debt.
Effect: Stirred widespread protest and led to organized colonial opposition against British rule. -
Description: Britain's assertion of its absolute authority over the colonies.
Cause: Repeal of the Stamp Act and need to assert dominance.
Effect: Continued colonial resentment against British interference. -
Description: American colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor in protest.
Cause: Opposition to the Tea Act.
Effect: Intensified conflict between Britain and the colonies, leading to punitive laws known as the Intolerable Acts. -
Description: The British Act allowed the East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies.
Cause: Britain's aim to save the financially troubled East India Company.
Effect: Culminated in the Boston Tea Party. -
Description: Meeting of representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies in Philadelphia.
Cause: Response to the Intolerable Acts.
Effect: Promoted unity among the colonies and issued the Declaration and Resolves. -
Description: Governing body that managed the colonial war effort.
Cause: Escalation of hostilities and the need for coordinated action.
Effect: Issued the Declaration of Independence and governed the colonies during the Revolutionary War. -
Description: Formal announcement of the colonies' break from Britain.
Cause: Continued hostilities and desire for self-governance.
Effect: Established the U.S. as an independent nation. -
Description: First constitution of the U.S.
Cause: Need for a formal system of government during the Revolutionary War.
Effect: Created a weak federal system, leading to the Constitutional Convention. -
Description: Agreement ending the Revolutionary War, with Britain recognizing U.S. independence.
Cause: American victory with French aid in the war.
Effect: Established the boundaries of the new nation. -
Description: Framework for governing the Northwest Territory.
Cause: Need to organize and settle western lands.
Effect: Established a method for admitting new states and prohibited slavery in the territory. -
Description: Meeting in Philadelphia to draft the U.S. Constitution.
Cause: Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
Effect: Creation of a stronger federal government. -
Description: Formal approval of the U.S. Constitution by nine states.
Cause: Desire for a stronger federal system.
Effect: The U.S. Constitution became the law of the land. -
Description: U.S. declaration of neutrality in the war between France and Britain.
Cause: U.S. desire to avoid entanglement in European conflicts.
Effect: Maintained peace but caused political tensions at home. -
Description: Uprising against the federal tax on whiskey.
Cause: Opposition to the perceived economic injustices of federal policies.
Effect: Demonstrated the new government's ability to suppress rebellion and enforce its laws. -
Description: Treaty with Britain addressing post-war issues.
Cause: Tensions with Britain and the need to maintain peace.
Effect: Averted war but was unpopular with many Americans. -
Description: Treaty with Spain defining the boundaries of the U.S. and Spanish colonies.
Cause: Need to settle territorial disputes and secure navigation rights on the Mississippi.
Effect: Encouraged westward expansion. -
Description: George Washington's advice to the nation upon leaving office.
Cause: Washington's decision not to seek a third term.
Effect: Set a precedent for two-term presidencies and warned against permanent alliances. -
Description: Diplomatic incident between the U.S. and France.
Cause: Tensions with France over U.S. neutrality.
Effect: Increased anti-French sentiments and led to the Quasi-War. -
Description: Laws restricting immigration and limiting free speech against the government.
Cause: Fear of foreign influence and political dissent.
Effect: Led to widespread opposition and the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. -
Description: Declarations arguing that states could nullify federal laws.
Cause: Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Effect: Laid groundwork for future states' rights disputes. -
Description: Presidential election in which Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams.
Cause: Political divisions and dissatisfaction with Federalist policies.
Effect: Peaceful transition of power and dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party.