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Webster Ashburton Treaty
The Webster–Ashburton Treaty, signed August 9, 1842, was a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies. Signed under John Tyler's presidency, it resolved the Aroostook War, a nonviolent dispute over the location of the Maine–New Brunswick border. -
Texas annexed by the USA
In September 1836 Texas voted overwhelmingly in favor of annexation, but when the Texas minister at Washington, D.C., proposed annexation to the Martin Van Buren administration in August 1837, he was told that the proposition could not be entertained. Constitutional scruples and fear of war with Mexico were the reasons given for the rejection, but antislavery sentiment in the United States undoubtedly influenced Van Buren and continued to be the chief obstacle to annexation. -
War with Mexico begins
The MA War marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly fought on foreign soil. It pitted a politically divided & militarily unprepared Mex. against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a “manifest destiny” to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. A border along the Rio G. started off the fighting $ was followed by a series of US victories. Mex had lost about 1/3 of its territory, nearly all CA, UT, NV, AZ & N.M. -
USA settles dispute with Britain over Oregon
The OR Treaty: between UK & US that was signed in WDC under the presidency of James K. Polk, the treaty brought an end to the OR boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country the area had been occupied by both Brit & the US since 1818.US&UK could claim land & were guaranteed free navigation throughout. After the outbreak of the MA War, US attention&military resources, compromise was reached in WDC & the matter was settled by the Polk admin to avoid war -
Gold rush begins
On January 24, 1848, California’s most famous gold rush began. A sawmill operator named James Marshall was inspecting the American River, which flowed below his mill, when he noticed shiny objects on the riverbed. After testing, the shiny substance was proved to be gold. News of the discovery spread quickly, and soon more than 300,000 people from the United States and abroad traveled by sea and land to California. They came hoping to strike it rich by mining gold. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends US-Mexican War
The peace treaty signed in GH bw US&Mex that ended the MA War. Mex entered into negotiations to end the war. It called for the US to pay $15 mil to Mex & to pay off the claims of US citizens against Mex up to $3.25 mil. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty by a vote of 38–14. The opponents of this treaty were led by the Whigs, who had opposed the war and rejected MD in general & rejected this expansion in particular. -
US-Mexican War
TX gained its indep from Mex in 1836. US declined to let it into the union, bc N political interests didn't want a new slave state. The Mex gov wanted border raid&warning that any attempt at annex would lead to war. Mex cavalry attacked a group of US soldiers in the disputed zone under the command of General Zachary Taylor. He called in reinforcements, w/ the help of superior rifles and artillery was able to defeat the Mexicans at the bat of Palo Alto and Resaca Palma. May 13, Cong declared war. -
President Taylor wins election
The United States presidential election of 1848 was the 16th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1848. It was won by Zachary Taylor of the Whig Party, who ran against former President Martin Van Buren of the Free Soil Party and Lewis Cass of the Democratic Party. -
Plains Indians Wars
The multiple armed conflicts between Euro gov and colonists, and later American settlers or the United States government, and the native peoples of North America. These conflicts occurred across the North American continent from the time of earliest colonial settlements until 1924. In many cases, wars resulted from competition for resources and land ownership as Europeans and later Americans encroached onto territory which had been inhabited by Native Americans for the previous centuries. -
President Taylor dies
President Zachary Taylor dies after a brief illness. The exact cause of his death is still disputed by some historians.
On a scorching Fourth of July in Washington, D.C., Taylor attended festivities at the newly dedicated grounds upon which the Washington Monument would be erected. According to several sources, Taylor gulped down a large quantity of cherries and iced milk and then returned to the White House, where he quenched his thirst with several glasses of water. -
Fillmore takes presidency
Millard Fillmore became a lawyer and won election to the U.S. House of Representatives for the first time in 1833. He served four terms in Congress but left to mount an unsuccessful run for the governorship of NY. He emerged as the Whig Party candidate for VP under Zachary Taylor, & after Taylor’s victory he presided over months of early debate in Congress over the controversial Compromise of 1850. Taylor died suddenly in mid-1850 and Fillmore succeeded him, becoming the nation’s 13th president. -
President Pierce wins election
Franklin Pierce won the election to become the 14th President of the United States. President Pierce was in office from March 4, 1853 to March 4, 1857. His Vice President was William King in 1853. King died on April 18, 1853 and Pierce finished the term without a Vice President. -
The Gadsden Purchase
An agreement bw the US and Mex, in which the US agreed to pay Mex $10 mil for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mex that later became part of AZ and NM. GP provided the land necessary for a southern transcontinental railroad and attempted to resolve conflicts that lingered after the MA War. After GP a new border dispute caused tension over US payment, & the treaty failed to resolve the issues surrounding financial claims and border attacks. It did create the southern border of the present-day US. -
Formation of the Republican Party
The founding event of the RP is a matter of some dispute. Some point to a mass meeting in Ripon, WI. others cite a later gathering in Jackson, MI. In any event, there appeared to be a spontaneous outpouring of anger following passage of the KN Act. Large public meetings were held in numerous Northern communities, some of which used the term Republican.
The Free-Soil Party and the Know-Nothing movement, now was bereft of effective leadership. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act; Bleeding Kansas (to 1861)
The KN Act was passed by the US Congress. It allowed people in the territories of KA and NA to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. It served to repeal the MI Comp which prohibited slavery N. The KN Act infuriated many in the N. After the KN Act was passed, proslavery & antislavery sup rushed in to settle KA to affect the outcome of the 1st election held there after the law went into effect. -
Dred Scott judgement
US SC issue a decision in the DS case, affirming the right of slave owners to take their slaves into the Western territories, doctrine of popular sovereignty and severely undermining the platform of the newly created RP. When popular sovereignty was applied in Kansas in 1854 violence erupted.Amer hoped that the SC could settle the issue that had eluded a congressional solution. The SC was in favor of the slave states.5 of the 9 justices were from the S while Robert Grier of PA, was pro-slavery. -
Treaty of Tianjin with China
The treaties that ended the first part of the second Opium War were signed on June 26th and 27th, 1858. British traders were profitably importing opium into China in defiance of the Chinese regime from the early 1800s and determination to open China further to Western commerce inspired the two Opium Wars. -
Raid on Harpers Ferry
An effort by armed abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a US arsenal at HF, VA. Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of US Marines, led by 1st Lieut Israel Greene. Col Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. JB had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, to join him in his raid, but Tubman was prevented by illness, and Douglass declined, as he believed Brown's plan would fail. -
Abraham Lincoln elected as president
Abe Lin is elected the 16th president of the US over a deeply divided Dem Party, becoming the 1st Rep to win the presidency. Linc received only 40% of the popular vote but handily defeated the 3 other candidates: S Dem John C. Breckinridge, Const Union cand John Bell, and N Dem Stephen Douglas, a US sen for IL. By the time of Lincoln’s inaug on March 4, 1861, 7 states had seceded, & the Confederate States of America had been formally established, with Jefferson Davis as its elected president. -
South Carolina secedes from the USA
SC acted 1st, calling for a convention to secede from the Union. State by state, conventions were held & the Confed was formed.
Within 3 months of Lincoln's election, 7 states had seceded from the Union. Just as Springfield, IL celebrated the election of its favorite son to the Presidency on November 7, so did Charleston, SC, which did not cast a single vote for him. It knew that the election meant the formation of a new nation. -
Six other states secede from the USA; the confederacy established
CSA was an unrecognized breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was originally formed by 7 slave states:SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LI, & TX in the Lower S region of the US whose regional economy was mostly dependent upon agriculture. Each state declared its secession from the United States following the November 1860 election of Rep candidate Lincoln to the US presidency on a platform which opposed the expansion of slavery. -
Lincoln inaugurated as president
Lincoln took a cautious approach in his remarks, and made no specific threats against the Southern states. As a result, he had some flexibility in trying to keep the states of the upper S–N Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware–in the Union.
In his inaugural address, Lincoln promised not to interfere with the institution of slavery where it existed, and pledged to suspend the activities of the federal government temporarily in areas of hostility. -
CSA forces take Fort Sumter
The Battle of Fort Sumter was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston, South Carolina by the Confederate States Army, and the return gunfire and subsequent surrender by the United States Army that started the American Civil War. Following declarations of secession by seven Southern states, South Carolina demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor. -
Four more states join the Confederacy
In VA the populous counties along the OH & PA borders rejected the Confed. Unionists held a Convention in Wheeling in June 1861, establishing a "restored government" with a rump legislature, but sentiment in the region remained deeply divided. In the 50 counties that would make up the state of WV, voters from 24 counties had voted for disunion in VA May 23 referendum on the ordinance of secession. -
Four slave states decide to stay in the USA
The border states were slave states that did not declare a secession from the Union and did not join the Confed. To their N they bordered free states of the Union and to their south they bordered Confederate slave states. 4 slave states never declared a secession: DE, KE, ML, & MI. Four others did not declare secession until after the Battle of Fort Sumter and were briefly considered to be border states: AS, NC, TN & VA after this, they were less frequently called “border states”. -
First Battle of Bull Run
The First Battle of Bull Run, also known as Battle of First Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of D.C. It was the first major battle of the ACW. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. -
Jefferson Davis elected as president of CSA
Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America. He ran without opposition, and the election simply confirmed the decision that had been made by the Confederate Congress earlier in the year.
Like his Union counterpart, President Abraham Lincoln, Davis was a native of Kentucky, born in 1808. He attended West Point and graduated in 1828. -
Trent Affair
The Trent Affair was a diplomatic incident in 1861 during the American Civil War that threatened a war between the US & the UK. The US Navy illegally captured 2 Confed diplo from a British ship; the UK protested vigorously. The US closed the incident by releasing the diplomats. On November 8, 1861, the USS San Jacinto, commanded by Union Cap. Charles Wilkes, intercepted the British mail packet RMS Trent and removed, as contraband of war, two Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell. -
Danger of British intervention
During the Amer Civil War the prospect of Euro intervention into the war was a reality, but a reality that in the event did not occur. Interven was dreaded in Washi and was a prize in VA. It perhaps offered the best chance for the Confederacy to win the war and assert its independ, The 2 nations that the S looked to for help were Brit & Fran. These nations were generally seen to be sympathetic to the Confed cause & had eco reasons for supporting the S. They also possessed powerful armed forces. -
Battle of Shiloh
Also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. A Union force known as the Army of the Tennessee under Major General Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee on the west bank of that river, where the Confederate Army of Mississippi, under General Albert Sidney Johnston. -
USA abolishes slavery in Washington, DC
The Dist of Columbia, which became the nation’s capital in 1791, was by 1862 a city of contrasts. One result of the intense struggle over slavery was the DC Emancipation Ac of 1862, passed by the Cong and signed by Lincoln. The act ended slavery in DC, freed 3,100 individuals, reimbursed those who had legally owned them and offered the newly freed women and men money to emigrate. It is this legislation, and the courage and struggle of those who fought to make it a reality. -
The Homestead Act
The Homestead Acts were several US fed laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, at little or no cost. More than 270 million acres of public land, or nearly 10% of the total area of the US was given away free to 1.6 mil homesteaders; most of the homesteads were west of the MS River.
The Homestead Act were an expression of the "Free Soil" policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms. -
Battle of Antietam
Fought near Sharpsburg, ML and Antietam Creek as part of the Maryland Campaign. It was the 1st Field army-level engagement in the Eastern Theater of the ACW to take place on Union soil. It is the bloodiest 1 day battle in American history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing. After pursuing the Confederate general Robert E. Lee into Maryland, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan of the Union Army launched attacks against Lee's army, in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek. -
Emancipation Proclamation
A presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Lincoln. It purported to change the federal legal status of more than 3 million enslaved people in the designated areas of the S from slave to free, although its immediate effect was less. It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confed gov. by running away or through advances of federal troops, the slave became legally free. Eventually it reached and liberated all of the designated slaves. -
Battle of Gettysburg; USA defeats CSA army
Fought in and around the town of Gettysburg, PA, by Union and Confed forces during the ACW. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war & is often described as the war's turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confed Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of VA, ending Lee's attempt to invade the North. Lee intended to shift the focus of the summer campaign from war-ravaged northern Virginia. -
The Falling of Vickburg
The Siege of Vicksburg (May 18 – July 4, 1863) was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate Army of Mississippi, led by Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton, into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, MS. Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the MS River. -
Ten Percent Plan
Lincoln’s blueprint for Reconstruction included the Ten-Percent Plan, which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union. -
US Congress passes Wade-Davis Bill; vetoed by Lincoln
A bill proposed for the Recon of the S written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of OH and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland. In contrast to Pres Lincoln's more lenient 10%Plan, the bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each S state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confed. The bill passed both houses of Con, but was pocket vetoed by Lincoln and never took effect. -
Atlanta falls to US force led by Sherman
The end of the Atlanta Campaign was in sight as the month of September opened. At the end of August, Maj Gen William T. Sherman sent 6 corps around Atlanta, Gen John Bell Hood countered with two corps under Gen William Hardee, & the 2 sides fought at Jonesborough, The greatly outnumbered Confed were defeated. Hood’s position was untenable. The Rebels destroyed whatever military supplies and equipment that they could not take with them. -
Lincoln defeats McClellan to be re-elected as US president
In the United States Presidential election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president. Lincoln ran under the National Union banner against his former top Civil War general, the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. McClellan was the "peace candidate" but did not personally believe in his party's platform. -
Sherman's March to the Sea through Georgia
A military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta. His forces destroyed military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property. Sherman's bold move of operating deep within enemy territory and without supply lines is considered to be one of the major achievements of the war. -
CSA capital, Richmond, falls to US forces
When the Confederate government moved from Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, VA, the quiet, prosperous VI state capital was transformed into a noisy crowded metropolis that, as Ferguson notes, was capital, military headquarters, transport hub, industrial heart, prison, and hospital center of the Confed. It was also a target for the Union army. In fact, the effort for both the Union & the Confed armies during much of the CW in the east focused on capturing or threatening the enemy's capital city. -
CSA commander Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox
Was one of the last battles of the ACW. It was the final engagement of Confederate Army general Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern VI before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. Lee, having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond, Vi, after the ten-month Siege of Petersburg, retreated west, hoping to join his army with the Confederate forces in North Carolina. Union forces pursued and cut off the Confederate's retreat at the village of Appomattox Court House. -
Lincoln assassinated
Lincoln, the 16th President of the US, was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in D.C., as the ACW was drawing to a close. Lincoln was the third American president to die in office, and the first to be murdered. As the President was watching the play, Booth shot Lincoln from behind at point-blank range, hitting him in the back of the head. Lincoln died the next day. -
Andrew Johnson appointed president
The 17th U.S. president, assumed office after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson, who served from 1865 to 1869, was the first American president to be impeached. A tailor before he entered politics, J grew up poor and lacked a formal education. He served in the TN legislature and US. Congress, and was governor of TN. A Dem, he championed populist measures and supported states’ rights. During the US CW, J was the only Southern senator to remain loyal to the Union. -
13th Amendment to the US Constitution
The 13th Amendment to the Constitution declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Formally abolishing slavery in the United States, the 13th Amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. -
Civil Rights Act
The 1st US fed law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to America, in the wake of the Amer CW. This legislation was enacted by Cong in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill. Although Johnson again vetoed it, a two-thirds majority in each chamber overcame the veto and the bill therefore became law. -
Seward's Folly
The Alaska Purchase was the US acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire on March 30, 1867, by a treaty ratified by the United States Senate, and signed by president Andrew Johnson.
Russia wanted to sell its Alaskan territory, fearing that it might be seized if war broke out with the United Kingdom. Russia's primary activities in the territory had been fur trade and missionary work among the Native Alaskans. The land added 586,412 square miles (1,518,800 km2) of new territory to the US. -
14th Amendment to the US Constitution
Granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the US,” which included former slaves recently freed. In addition, it forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” The 14th Amendment greatly expanded the protection of civil rights to all Americans and is cited in more litigation than any other amendment. -
Ulysses S. Grant becomes US President
In 1865, as commanding general, Ulysses S. Grant led the Union Armies to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War. As an American hero, Grant was later elected the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877), working to implement Congressional Reconstruction and to remove the vestiges of slavery. -
Presidential election leads to inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877–81). He became President at the end of the Reconstruction Era of the United States through a complex Compromise of 1877. As President he ended Army support for Republican state governments in the South, promoted civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction. -
The Great Sioux War
A series of battles and negotiations between the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne and the government of the US. The cause of the war was the desire of the US gov to obtain ownership of the Black Hills. Gold had been discovered in the Black Hills, settlers began to encroach onto Native American lands, and the Sioux and Cheyenne refused to cede ownership to the US Trad, the US military and historians place the Lakota at the center of the story, especially given their numbers. -
The Battle of the Little Bighorn
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, fought on June 25, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, pitted federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (1839-76) against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. Tensions between the two groups had been rising since the discovery of gold on Native American lands. -
The Dawes Act
Passed by the US Cong provide for the granting of landholdings to individual Native Americans, replacing communal tribal holdings. Sponsored by U.S. Senator H. L. Dawes, the aim of the act was to absorb tribe members into the larger national society. Allotments could be sold after a statutory period (25 years), and "surplus" land not allotted was opened to settlers. Within decades following the passage of the act the vast majority of what had been tribal land in the West was in white hands. -
Wounded Knee Massacre
Near Wounded Knee Creek on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the US state of South Dakota. The previous day, a detachment of the US 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside intercepted Spotted Elk's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them 5 miles (8.0 km) westward to Wounded Knee Creek, where they made camp. The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, led by Colonel James W. Forsyth arrived and surrounded the encampment. -
Spanish-American War
A conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War. Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule. -
Acquisition of Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines
The Spanish-American War (1898) was a conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. The war originated in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, which began in February 1895. -
The Philippine Organic Act
The Philippine Organic Act was a basic law for the Insular Government that was enacted by the United States Congress on July 1, 1902. It is also known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 and the Cooper Act, after its author Henry A. Cooper. The approval of the act coincided with the official end of the Philippine–American War. -
President Roosevelt issues the Monroe Corollary
An addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–03. The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly. It was also consistent with his foreign policy included in his Big Stick Diplomacy. -
First World War breaks out in Europe
Why Did The First World War Break Out in 1914? The First World War was the most terrible war ever known due to the number of deaths that took place each day on the gory battlefields of the war. Altogether eight million soldiers lost their lives fighting in the trenches. The grounds in and around the trenches were turned into a huge ocean of mud because of the rain and exploding bullets. It was impossible to attack the other side's trenches effectively because they were so greatly secured. -
USA enters the First World War
After two and a half years of efforts by Pres Woodrow Wilson to keep the US neutral. Apart from an Anglophile element supporting the British, American public opinion went along with neutrality at first. The sentiment for neutrality was strong among Irish Americans, German Americans and Swedish Americans. On the other hand, even before World War I broke out American opinion toward Germany was already more negative than it was toward any other country in Europe. -
President Wilson issues the 14 points
A statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson. Europeans generally welcomed Wilson's points, but his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism. -
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers (mainly United States, British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, and other Allied Powers). It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
