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Louis-Philippe promised that if Austrian troops attempted to interfere, he would help Ciro Menotti's planned uprising, He withdrew his support however. -
Mazzini failed to unify Italy under a democratic republic. However, he later became a romantic figure in the eyes of Garibaldi. -
Pope Pius IX, initially a reformer, eventually fled Italy after the assassination of Minister Pellegrino Rossi. -
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour becomes the dominate figure in the Sardinia government (until his death in 1861). -
Cavour began war with Austria (to get Italian territories) as Napoleon III came to his aid. However, due to French Catholic unhappiness, Napoleon III did an about face and Cavour could only gain Lombardy. -
He first gathered an independant army together, called the Red Shirts, in 1859. -
Graibaldi led his Red Shirts in a victory against the Silician army. He emerged as an independant political force and had inspired the hearts of Sicilian peasants. -
Pope Pius IX, now back in Rome, defines in the "Slyllabus of Errors his denouncement of nationalism, socialism, separation or church and state, and religious liberty. A step back for Italian unification :(. -
Garibaldi attempted to attack the papal states, but was stopped by Cavour in order to avoid conflict with France. -
At last, Rome (Venice in 1866) joined a unified Italy with a parliamentary monarchy under Victor Emmanuel. Sadly, profound divisions between the Italian peoples still remained.