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After Napoleon fell the Congress of Vienna (1814–15) restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments. Italy was again controlled largely by the Austrian Empire and the Habsburgs,[6] as they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of Italy and were, together, the most powerful force against unification.
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The Italian campains of the French Revolutionary Wars destroyed the old structures of feudalism in Italy and introduced modern ideas and efficient legal authority; it provided much of the intellectual force and social capital that fueled unification movements for decades after it collapsed in 1814.
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