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Developed from the same clan as Mohammed, "headquarters" relocated to Medina to grasp greater control. https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Caliphate/273461 -
Initially based on no resistance landing. Invaded following spring 711.7-10,000 Berbers. Burned the ships. Presence unnoticed by Visigothic authority. https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/islamchron.html -
This event marks the establishment of the independent Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in Spain, which had significant historical implications. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/313/ -
(711- Umayyad military commander Tariq ibn Ziyad kills Roderic and establishes Umayyad control in Hispania)
750- The Umayyad Caliphate in the Middle East is toppled by Abbasids. Surviving members of the Umayyad Caliphate fled to Cordoba and established an emirate. Emirate- rule of an emir (ruler). https://historyofislam.com/cordoba-the-fall-of/ -
Charlemagne's capture of Barcelona was a notable event as it signaled Frankish expansion into the Iberian Peninsula and had implications for the region's future. https://homework.study.com/explanation/which-city-in-spain-was-conquered-by-charlemagne.html -
This battle led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Pamplona and had an impact on the political landscape in the region. http://legalhistorysources.com/ChurchHistory220/LectureTwo/roncesvalles.htm -
Viking raids in the Iberian Peninsula, including the capture and ransom of King García Íñiguez, were significant events that disrupted the region. https://thevikingherald.com/article/what-happened-when-the-vikings-raided-seville/305 -
The persecution of Christians in Andalusi Córdoba, including the beheading of Perfectus and other Christians for their religious beliefs, was a significant event in the history of religious conflicts in the region. https://kalebatlantaprime.medium.com/the-life-of-priest-martyr-perfectus-of-cordoba-2a5dbe847879?source=rss-------1 -
The capture of Porto marked the establishment of the County of Portugal, an important step in the formation of the nation of Portugal. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Portugal -
The recapture of Coimbra from the Moors marked a significant milestone in the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. https://www.thecollector.com/reconquista-christian-reconquest-of-spain/ -
Abd al-Rahman III's ascent to leadership ushered in an era of strengthening and territorial growth for the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, establishing its dominance in the region. https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/historyandculture/history/Paginas/index.aspx -
This battle, in which Ordoño II defeated an army under Emir Abd al-Rahman III, was a notable victory for the Kingdom of León in its struggle against the Umayyad Caliphate. https://www.sanesteban.com/int/english.php -
The destruction of Pamplona had significant consequences for the Kingdom of Pamplona and the broader political landscape in the Iberian Peninsula. https://history-maps.com/story/Reconquista -
Nicolas Eymeric was a theologian, born in Spain in 1320. He joined the Dominican Order at a very young age. he received the Habit from Petrus Carpi in 1334. He quickly got a reputation for Theological knowledge. He began writing in 1351, his writings included a philological character Nicolas Roselli a great inquisitor of Aragon. He was appointed as the successor in the Inquisition in 1357. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05735c.htm -
Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or else be killed or moved out. https://advancingnativemissions.com/facing-family-when-a-muslim-becomes-a-christian/ -
In 1478 Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull, or decree, authorizing the Catholic Monarchs to name inquisitors in order to enforce religious uniformity and to expel Jews from Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella sought to use the Inquisition to increase their absolute power over the centralized regime. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm -
The inaugural auto-da-fé occurred in Sevilla in 1481, with the final one held in Mexico in 1850. These events, growing more ornate and grand, were typically showcased in the city square, often with royalty in attendance. https://www.andalucia.com/cities/seville/fascinatingfacts-5.htm -
The Capitulations, also referred to as the Treaty of Granada were formalized on November 25, 1491, marking the conclusion of the Granada War. This war had commenced in 1482 and reached its climax during the siege and battle of Granada in 1491. The treaty was signed between Boabdil, the sultan of Granada, and Ferdinand and Isabella, who ruled over Castile, León, Aragon, and Sicily. https://dbpedia.org/page/Treaty_of_Granada_(1491) -
The Alhambra Decree, also called the Edict of Expulsion or in Spanish, "Decreto de la Alhambra" and "Edicto de Granada," was issued on March 31, 1492. It was issued by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, namely Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, and it commanded the expulsion of Jews who were actively practicing their faith from the regions of Castile and Aragon. https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/03/alhambra-decree-521-years-later/ -
Rome created its own inquisition when Pope Paul III created the Supreme Sacred Congregation. This helped put Galileo to trial in 1633. https://www.history.com/topics/religion/inquisition