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The Conservative Party's attempt to overthrow President Zelaya led to the Estrada's Rebellion of 1909 and the resignation of Zelaya thanks to the deployment of U.S. troops. Zelaya's chosen successor was Madriz, however with the insurgency and favor of Madriz on the rise, the U.S. deployed more troops and soon Estrada became the recognized president. He was later replaced again by another U.S. approved president, Dias, in 1912 in favor of U.S. investments.
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Los Angeles herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]), 21 Dec. 1909. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042462/1909-12-21/ed-1/seq-1/ -
Arrival of U.S marines after the assassination of President Sam to allegedly protect financial interests. However, as we learned, the occupation left behind heavy militarization and dictatorship
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“Dominican Republic, 1916-1924.” U.S. department of state. U.S. Department of State. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/108649.htm.
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"In the field of World policy, I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor, the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others, the neighbor who respects his obligations and respects the sanctity of his agreements in and with a World of neighbors." Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (4 Mar 1933). First Inaugural Address. Washington DC.
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“Pvt. Roberto Lopez, an Ecuadorian Indian, was born in Monta, Ecuador and lived there until he was nineteen, when he went to work on the ships of the United Fruit Line. Now he is in the United States Army and is stations at Camp Stewart, GA. He is learning English rapidly and is a good soldier and popular with the other men in his battery. The U.S. Army is “okay”, Pvt. Lopez says. This photo shows Pvt. Lopez drilling with a rifle.” Photographer: Lt. Bard. -
Though the U.S did not deploy troops, scholars argue that their reaction to the civil war was one rooted in anticommunism, making Costa Rica, not Guatemala, the first attempt of Cold War anticommunist interventions in Latin America (Bell). The previous presidents were Calderón and Picado, both of whom provided substantive agrarian reforms and were allied with the communist movement. Growing resentment towards their military use gave way to Figueres's violent insurrection
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Arbenz is overthrown following CIA planning. This is considered the first anticommunist intervention during the Cold War. The invasion relied heavily on propaganda and fear to set the stage for U.S. intervention in the name of democracy. However, scholar Greg Grandin argues the significant expansion of democracy was because of the communist party, PGT. These ties, however, are what triggered intervention, not the Agrarian Reform. The fear of communism was greater than the UFC's economic interest
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Between 1925 and 1947, Ecuador had 23 presidents until finally the nation saw 3 full-term presidents. The military intervention of 1961 resulted in the downfall of President Velasco Ibarra (Pyne). After 1947, CIA declassified documents reveal their surveillance of Ecuador with the deployment of personnel to the nation (Becker). The coup of 1961 was one that came about with an increasing US presence in the background and was followed by years on instability and dictatorship.
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This coup was part of a second wave of US intervention in which the US went from economic incentives to the destabilization and replacement of governments in Latin America. It is still up for debate why the U.S. intervened, but declassified documents show it was not out of economic or strategic forces and was actually very much playing it by ear. They had little knowledge of politics, and yet intervened and called the removal of Goulart an American success. (Pereira).
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This three day coup resulted in a seven year regime for dictator Banzer. His rule was full of thousands of cases of torture, executions and disappearances. Declassified documents reveal how the Nixon Administration knowingly authorized almost half a million dollars to those plotting against former President Torres. Additionally, the CIA gave money to the leaders of the coup in the days prior to Banzer's seize of power (Document 106).
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The coup occurred with the backdrop of a worldwide recession, the rising strength of labor movements, investments in Latin America, and the Cold War. The military junta overthrew the Popular Unity government, which was democratically elected. Allende was a Marxist and had extensive plan of nationalization and social reform. Nixon and Kissinger are credited for the events leading up to the coup, but the CIA denies its active participation.
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Intelligence representatives from Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, Chile, and Argentina, later followed by Bolivia, then Ecuador and Peru.
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