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This act blocked the colonization of the western areas beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The reason for this act was King George III and his council saw the proclamation as a way to calm Native American while protecting the border and preventing an invasion. The colonists were disappointed by the act because they thought the western lands would be open to colonization after the war and saw it as an infringement of rights. -
All taxes and debts owed to British merchants had to be paid in British currency, and the colonial governments were banned from manufacturing paper money. The government imposed The Currency Act to assist stabilize the Empire's economy. Its objective was to normalize the money used in Atlantic trade. The colonists were not happy because old and Silver had a small supply, so their finances were tight. -
The act Increased tax for imports (particularly sugar). British government increased this tax to gain profit. The colonists objected because the act was passed during an economic struggle, so it would hurt their business. -
The act required the colonists to pay a tax, represented by a stamp, on various forms of papers, documents, and playing cards. The reason was to help pay for British troops stationed in the colonies during the Seven Years’ War. The colonists refused to pay the tax because they do not have the power to tax the colonies since they were unrepresented in Parliament. -
This act prohibited troops to be quartered in private facilities. The reason for this act was to better pay the soldiers and their housing and for punishing treason and abandonment. Relationships between British soldiers and colonial civilians were often tense and occasionally boiled over into violence because colonial civilians were made because they had to waste food and other materials on soldiers. -
The act stated that Parliament had complete control over the governing of the colonies in “all cases whatsoever.” This was because it was hard to enforce regulations from across the sea. The colonists did not want to give up any control of the colonies because it was a new threat to their independence. -
The act levied new taxes on glass, painter's lead, paper, and tea. These British goods had to be imported since the colonies did not have the manufacturing base to produce them. The colonists were not angry because they were external taxes, not internal ones like the Stamp Act. -
Boston's anger increased, which was caused by colonists' rejection to many British Parliament-passed laws. The Townshend law, a law that increased revenue by imposing charges on lead, glass, paper, paint, and tea was especially controversial. Eight British soldiers were attacked by a crowd on March 5, 1770, in the city's streets. Five colonists were killed when the soldiers fired their muskets in response to the mob's threats and violence. -
This act gave the British East India Company the ability to export its tea directly to the colonies without paying import or export duties to counteract smuggling and help move burgeoning supplies. This act was unwelcome by colonists because they feared the Tea Act was designed to seduce them into conceding by lowering the price of tea to the point that colonists abandon their standards. -
In Boston, Massachusetts, the Boston Tea Party was a political demonstration. Frustrated and enraged against Britain for imposing "taxation without representation," American colonists threw 342 chests of tea brought by the British East India Company into the bay. -
The Boston Port closed Boston Harbor. The Massachusetts Government Act restructured the Massachusetts government to give the royally appointed more power. The Impartial Administration of Justice increased the power of the governor. This was to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party. These oppressive acts sparked strong colonial resistance because they saw it as a violation of their rights. -
This was the first battle of the American Revolution. The British's orders were to seize weapons from the Americans, and the Americans defended their territory. The Americans ended victorious with only 49 killed, 39 wounded, and 5 missing/captured, while the British had 73 killed, 174 wounded, and 53 missing/captured. -
The British were trying to maintain control over the city and its important ports. Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill were chosen by the British as their two target hills in order to obtain a tactical advantage. After learning about it, the American forces moved to protect the hills. It ended with American loss, but the British had 226 killed, 828 wounded, 0 missing & captured. -
Written by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration of Independence was the US's official statement of separation from Britain. Its purpose was to organize the army, win supporters overseas, and declare the birth of a new nation. -
The forces engaged were the U.S(2400), led by General George Washington, and the Hessians(1500), a German mercenary group hired by the British, led by Colonel Johann Rall. The battle ended with a casualty count of only 5 americans wounded. The Hessians ended with 22 killed, 83 wounded, and 800 missing or captured. This battle reignited the Americans will to win the war. -
The forces engaged were the U.S.(15,000), led by General Horatio Gates, and the British(6,000), led by General John Burgoyne. The U.S. suffered 330 casualties, 90 dead and 240 wounded. The British suffered 1,135 casualties, 440 killed and 695 wounded. This battle caused the French to provide military assistance to the Americans. -
While the British had conquered Philadelphia George Washington and his army, 12,000 soldiers and 400 women, had to settle at Valley Forge for the winter. There were an estimated 2,000 deaths due to sickness or harsh cold weather -
The forces engaged were the U.S/French(19,900), led by General George Washington and General Rochambeau, and the British(9000), led by General Cornwallis. The U.S. suffered 389 casualties and 301 missing, while the British suffered 8,589 casualties 142 killed, 326 wounded, and 7,416 missing & captured. This was the battle that ended the American Revolution. Parliament passes a bill authorizing the government to make peace with America. -
The US anti-slavery movement known as abolitionism first appeared in the late 18th century. It severely polarized and divided the country. Slavery was considered immoral to abolitionists, and they wanted instant liberation and equal rights. Slave apologists said that slavery was important for the South's economy. The movement had a significant impact, escalating tensions that ultimately resulted in the American Civil War.
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The three main men during the signing were John Adams, who was later the second president, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay. This treaty gained more land for economy, separated America and Britain, grew to make the US more wealthy, permanently altered the balance of power, and ended The American Revolution. -
The 19th century's westward expansion affected America's growth and encouraged sectionalism/nationalism. It resulted in new territories being acquired, such as the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican Cession, encouraging manifest destiny, the concept that it was the American's god-given right to seize territory from Indians. However, it heightened regional loyalties, splitting the country. It also contributed to the removal and assimilation of Native Americans from their sacred land.
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The 3/5ths Compromise (1787) sought to overcome the issue of how enslaved people were counted for representation. It enabled them to be counted as three-fifths of a person. It emphasized sectionalism, with the South attempting to enhance its influence and the North attempting to reduce it. Despite its efforts to balance interests and promote national unity, the compromise ended up creating a gap between slaveholding and non-slavery states. -
The Whiskey Rebellion was the first test of executive power. Because the government had to pay off the debt caused by the American Revolution, they set up an excise tax on whiskey. This tax caused farmers and smaller distillers to lose profit. They protested and raised tensions. Washington issued a proclamation on September 15, criticized all against the tax. Tensions continued rising so Washington ended up using military force to stop insurrection. -
The 10th Amendment, in the Bill of Rights, protects state independence and rights not granted to the federal government. It impacts sectionalism by protecting the rights of states. It gives states the authority to exercise their liberty, which causes friction between the federal government and states. The interpretation of the amendment has sparked debates over the balance of power and the scope of federal authority, influencing governance between national unity and regional freedom. -
In 1797, President Adams sent three representatives to negotiate peace after France bombed US ships. The Foreign Minister refused to meet and sent three representatives. They demanded money to speak to the minister. the US was insulted and Federalists wanted war. -
Democratic-Republicans thought the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional because they interfered with Constitutional rights granted to the states. While the Resolutions didn't change the law, it showed that states can challenge the federal government. -
After the XYZ affair, Americans were worried about French immigrants who might side with the French. Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien Act could arrest any immigrant who is suspicious. The Sedition Act was a law that said it was a crime to speak badly about the US.
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This act was a response by Thomas Jefferson to increasing tensions between Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars. This act stopped all trade ships from going to any foreign county to collapse the economy of the foreign countries. It failed and caused economic hardship in the US. -
The Underground Railroad was a significant movement led by abolitionists, assisting an estimated 100,000 slaves in their quest for freedom. By aiding enslaved individuals in escaping to free states and Canada, it actively challenged the institution of slavery. This contributed to the growth of sectionalism and heightened tensions between the North and the South, ultimately fueling the flames of nationalism and the eventual outbreak of the American Civil War.
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The French and the British are destroying US ships. After sending representatives to negotiate (XYZ affair), passing the Alien and Sedition Acts, and passing the Embargo Act, nothing worked. There are many who are pro-war, who would like to go to war against the British, and many who are anti-war, who think it is better for the Army to protect citizens instead. -
After the chartering of the second federal bank in the U.S., this bank attempted to establish branches in several states, including Baltimore, Maryland. The Maryland legislature passed a law saying that any bank not chartered by Maryland will be taxed heavily. Supreme Court ruling was unanimous in favor of James McCulloch, a cashier at the bank in Baltimore, who thought the tax was unjust. This case displayed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws. -
Harriet Tubman was born in March 1820 (the exact date is unknown) on a plantation in Dorchester County, Maryland. She was an escaped enslaved woman who helped to launch the Underground Railroad, which led enslaved individuals to freedom before the Civil War. The Underground Railroad was a large proponent to start the Civil War, dividing the North and South. She was also a nurse, a Union spy, and a proponent of women's rights. On March 10, 1913, pneumonia claimed the life of Harriet Tubman. -
The Missouri Compromise (1820) sought to keep a delicate balance between free and slave states. It addressed sectionalism by letting Missouri be a slave state but leaving Maine free. It attempted to maintain national unity, but underlying tensions over slavery remained, anticipating future wars. -
After a number of Latin American countries had a revolution against Spain and won their independence, the Monroe Doctrine was issued. This act was a declaration of neutrality from the US to European countries and said that if any European country tried to interfere, it would be considered hostile. President James Monroe signed it. -
The Nat Turner Rebellion on August 21, 1831, was led by Nat Turner, an enslaved African American preacher. His uprising against slavery resulted in around 60 white deaths, mainly women and children. The rebellion divided the country as white Southerners tightened control over slaves. It also caused widespread panic among slaveholders, sparking debates on slavery's morality and sustainability. -
The 1850 Compromise tried to balance the interests of the North and South in order to address sectionalism and nationalism. It made California a free state while allowing Utah and New Mexico to be free of slavery bans. It also included tougher runaway slave laws. This compromise, however, widened divides as the North celebrated anti-slavery wins while the South worried about losing political power. The deal provided a short-term solution but predicted the conflicts that led to the Civil War. -
The Fugitive Slave Law, made in 1850, made slaves, even if they were free, have to be delivered back to their masters under the law. The act also made the federal government responsible for apprehending and prosecuting escaped slaves. This law intensified the slavery debate and pushed sectionalism by letting the south claim free men in the north. -
The Dred Scott Decision decided in 1857, was a lawsuit made by Dred Scott, a slave who was owned by John Emerson of Missouri. He filed this lawsuit due to his argument that his residence in free territories and states, such as Illinois and Wisconsin, where slavery was prohibited, had automatically emancipated him. Despite Scott's convincing arguments, the Supreme Court ruled against him in a contentious ruling.