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Christopher Columbus first arrives in the Americas,, falsely discovering the new world , although he though he landed in Asia.
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The exchange of plant, animals, diseases, and people between the new world and old world.
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A labor system developed by the Spanish to enslave Native Americans to farm and mine in the Americas
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System of social classification the Spanish used to identify the natives. Example: Peninsulares , Creoles, Mulattoes, Africans/ Natives.
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A system of exchange, Europe supplied African and the Americas with manufactured goods and technologies, the Americas supplied Europe and Africa with raw materials, lastly Africa supplied the Americas with enslaved workers.
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Captured African slaves being transported to the Americas , Europeans slave traders changed goods for enslaved people.
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Due to Columbian exchange 90 % Native Americans / Indigenous population died off due to small pox.
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Puritans broke away from the Church of England to seek religious freedom.
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The first successful/ permanent English colony established in the Virginia colony.
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John Rolfe discovered humid and rich soil was good for growing the cash-crop - Tobacco, how southern colonies made money.
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The first representative government in the colonial Virginia elected by the people of the Virginia colony who passed ordinances and approved taxes.
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One of the successful English colony in the Americas. * (P.P.P) - Puritans, prayer, and Plymouth
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Constitution that established self-government , allowing 40 males of the Puritan church to participate in elections for representative assembly and governor.
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Large group of English Puritans left England establishing the Massachusetts Bay Colony . John Winthrop, first governor of the Massachusetts Bay created a model of reformed Protestantism. " Where men were free to do only good, and honest" -Civil Liberty
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The Puritans founded Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1636 in order to give candidates for the ministry a proper theological and scholarly education. *Colonial colleges promoted the doctrines of a particular religious group.
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A document that established a representative government in Connecticut, featuring a legislature elected by a popular vote and a governor elected by the legislature.
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A series of laws passed by the British Parliament that imposed restrictions on Colonial trade . * only able to do shipping trade between English and its colonies " Taxation without representation"
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This was an armed conflict between English colonists and the American Indians of New England in the 17th century. It was the Native-American's last major effort to drive the English colonists out of New England.
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People began to explore scientific oberservation and reason., Questioning authority and government . * John Locke ( Natural rights) , ( Life, liberty, property) , ( Social contract)
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A series of investigations and persecutions convicting women as witches in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
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Protestant Evangelicalism / Religious Revival - Caused divisions within churches, such as the Congregational and Presbyterian
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Armed slaves attempting to gain freedom that took place South Carolina.
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The French provoked the war by building a chain of forts in the Ohio River Valley. One of the reasons the French did so was to halt the westward growth of the British colonies.
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the British government issued a proclamation that prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British hoped that limiting settlements would prevent future hostilities between colonists and the American Indians.
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1763 Peace of Paris ends the Sevens Years War, Great Britain wins victory and gains more power and land from the French. leads to the British extending their control of North America, and the French power on the continent virtually ended.
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"Republican Motherhood" is an 18th-century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States. Idea that gave women more purpose to educate themselves and young children
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British parliament passed the Stamp Act to help pay down the war debt and finance the British army’s presence in the Americas. It was the first internal tax directly levied on American colonists by parliament and was met with strong resistance. Taxes on newspaper and legal documents.
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The act that required colonist to house British solders without refusal ..
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A tax the British Parliament passed , which was placed on lead, glass, paint, and tea.
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The destruction of tea thrown over board as a response to British taxation polices in the North American Colonies
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Colonies established their unity agreeing to boycott all British goods and services.
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Laws passed by the British Parliament meant to punish the colonist due to the Boston Tea Party
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Wrote the Olive Branch Petition to King George III , King George III denied request and formed continental army
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The first military clashes of the American Revolutionary War, Colonist wanted self government. " The shot heard around the world'
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A document that challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy, wanting independence from England and creating government.
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weak central government/ federal government/ national government
example- shay's Rebellion -
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-13 states = sends 50 total delegates
-represents states, white men, college educated, wealthy, politicians, -
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George Washington Elected 1st president unanimously by electoral college.
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President cabinet had to be approved by the senate.
Alexander Hamilton (secretary of treasury)
Thomas Jefferson (secretary of State) -
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A protest of small farmers who could afford the Whiskey tax.
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Eli Whitney created the cotton gin, mechanical reaper, steel plow
Cotton gin high demand in the south. -
Washington warning the Country after his term of presidency.
- Don't borrow money= taxing more money
- Don't make no enemies or friends -
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- War over bribe with the French.
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- began a new era in the Us Politics -- political parties helped elect government officials and shape government policies . ( Federalist vs Democratic-Republivans) Thomas Jefferson lost and became Vice President
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Sedition Acts People were sent to jail for talking against the government, Aliens were immigrants sided with the French
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The states legislatures passed resolutions stating the acts are unlawful
- Congress repealed the Alien& sedition Acts
- Choose to disobey an unconstitutional law, they had the power to do that. -
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Expansionists wanted to see the United States extend westward to the Pacific Ocean
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- Maintained National Bank
- Repealed the excise tax
- Only democratic party
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The French sold land to Thomas Jefferson and the United States doubles in Size.
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On July 1812, president James Madison and Congress declared ward on Britain.
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. The English navy impressed, or kidnapped, men off American ships and forced them to join the English navy.
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The war-hawk members of Congress argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain parts of Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the western frontier.
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The American victory in Baltimore Harbor was witnessed by Francis Scott Key, a young poet-lawyer who had been sent aboard a British warship seeing his country's flag still flying over the fort the next morning inspired him to write the Star Spangled Banner
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America signed a treaty with British after running low on sources to declare peace. The British not the American won the War of 1812.
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A period where the years were marked by a spirt of nationalism, optimism, and goodwill
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Congress levied low tariff on imported as a method for raising government revenue.
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Missouri Compromise where the north and south divide , only the southern states below the line could have slaves plus Missouri while the other states above the line was free states.
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Western states newly admitted to the union adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males regardless of their social class or religion to vote hold office.
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United States leaders protecting the North and South America from possible aggression by European power.
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Henry Clay from the house of representatives, propose a comprehensive method for advancing the nations economic growth.
1.) protective tariffs 2.) national bank 3.) internal improvements -
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The first opportunity for women to work to and to be economically independent .
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A law that was signed to force the resettlement of thousands of American Indian west of the Mississippi.
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The hardships on the " Trails of Tears'' moving westward caused the deaths of 4,000 Cherokees.
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South Carolina attempt to nullify the federal tariff
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Horace Mann wanted free public education and led the common school movement.
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Dorothea Dix want prison reform and help for the mentally ill who where placed in jail.
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Supported the idea of Manifest Destiny and westward expansion
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Irelands man source of food was potato which became scare due to a disease that spread through the crops causing them to rot.
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Unsuccessful proposal to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexican American War, allowing the northerns to support the proposal but no the southerners.
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Caused by the United States of Texas quickly led to diplomatic trouble with mexican.
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The soil-movement is when the Northern Democrats and Whigs supported the position that all African Americans (Free and Slave) should be excluded from the Mexican Cession .
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Seneca Falls Convention (NY) in 1848 that was for women’s rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton with the help of Quakers formed this meeting.
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Political argument about weather the new territories from the Mexican American War would become slave or free slave states
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The fugitive slave law was when all slaves that would escape had to be returned because they were considered as property.
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United States President Pierce succeeded in adding a strip of land to the American Southwest for a railroad.
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Caused by the creation of Kansas and Nebraska opening new land for settlement , which repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 reopening the slavery in the western expansion.
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A series of violent events between abolitionist and people who were pro-slavery.
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A war between the Union and Southern Confederate states.
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Law signed by Abraham Lincoln to turn over vast amounts of the public domain to private citizens
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A brutal Union victory against the confederacy which halted General Robert E. Lee's invasion of the North= south confidence shaken.
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Union victory in the Mississippi River Valley that split the confederacy from east to west.
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The addressed showed America's dedication to nationalism, equal rights, republicanism, democracy, and liberty.
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Southern republicans were "scalawags" and Northerners newcomers where "carpetbaggers"
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Group of whites in the south organized a secret societies to intimidate blacks
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Laws that restricted the rights and movements of the former slaves.
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Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes 17th United States president.
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Harsher on Southern whites and more protective of freed African Americans
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Lincoln pushed congress to pass this amendment which completely abolished slavery
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A system where individuals works land for an owner who provides equipments but receives a share of the workers profit
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A welfare agency created by the congress to provide food, shelter, and medical aid for mostly freedslaves and homeless whites
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Battle in which Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant
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President Lincoln was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth at Fords Theater in D.C.
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A period following the Civil War which brought former confederate states and granted African Americans significant rights
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Radical republicans on Congress attempted to impeach and remove President Johnson from office using the Tenure of office Act in 1868
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Congress passed the 14th Amendment which declared that all persons born naturalized in the United States were citizens = rights
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Constructed between 1863 and 1869, it was a continous railroad line that connected the eastern U.S. rail network with the pacific coast on San Francisco (East to West
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First African American elected into the United State congress as Senate
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American or those who opposed immigration to the United States
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The growth of American Industry raised the standard of living for most people. Growth created sharper economic and class divisions amongst the rich, the middle, and the poor.
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African American men gained the right to vote
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Social Darwinism is the belief that Darwin's idea of the natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace, led by Herbert Spencer
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Standard oil company, controlled over 90% of the U.S. oil refinings
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Southerners promoted new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth and improved transportation
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Democratic Party Political Machine led by Boss Tweed, they helped Irish immigrants in cities but for exchange of a vote
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Late 1800s era in the United States that seemed successful on the outside but was politically and economically corrupt with serious social problems internally.
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Light bulb was invented by thomas edison allowing factories to stay open after dark
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In the late 19th century the United state's population tripled as immigrants arrived from europe
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United States federal law prohibiting all immigration of chinese laborers for 10 years
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U.S. federal law requiring federal jobs to be awarded on the basis of merit rather than the spoils system
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U.S. federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry which required railroad rates to be " reasonable and just"
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Book of philanthropy, a guide that it is a moral obligation to help the less fortunate
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Laid foundation fir the later jobs of social workers, middle-class volunteers helped provide neighborhood social services to immigrants/ urban poor.
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U.S federal law that forbade any organizations that interfered with free trade by prohibiting monopolies or any activiy that hindered business competition
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Jacob Riis Photograph of people living in harsh conditions of tenements -
History of naval warfare book published in 1890 by Thayer Mahan Which argued that control of the sea was the key to word dominance. -
A type of government that seeks to increase its size, either by forcing through war or influencing through politics other countries to submit to their rule
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Movement from the 1890s to 1920s to support widespread social activism and political reforms across the united states
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Carnegie Steel Corporation became the biggest steel company resulting to it turning into a monopoly
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Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal "Separate but equal "
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The Hawaiian Kingdom was overthrown and was added as an United States Territory -
A war against Spain in cuba due to the Uss Maine, an American naval ship, that blew up in Havana Harbor during the Cuban Revolt against spain. -
A foreign policy proposed by the United States in 1899 under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in china -
Violent anti-foreign and anti- Christian uprising in China which was motivated by Chinese opposition to western imperial powers and Christian missionary activity. -
President Roosevelt's imperialistic foreign policy of intimidation other countries by showing United States and readiness to use military force when necessary -
Becomes the 26th president and plants the "Square Deal", a domestic policy which focused on the "3 C's" . ( Conservation, Control, and Consumers)
1.) Conservation of the natural resources
2.) control of corporations ( Trust-busting)
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Artificial waterway in Central America that connects the atlantic with the pacific ocean -
A novel that portrayed the harsh conditions of exploited immigrants in chicago and exposure of unsanitary health violations in American meat packing industry -
The Jungle had the result of the Federal consumer Protection Laws -
First affordable car model for middle class -
African American civil rights organization (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). -
Becomes the 27th president of the U.S, was not successful but although tried to fulfil the "3 c's" from previous president
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The national banking system with 12 district banks / allows the United states government to issue federal dollars as legal tender in order to provide the nation with a more flexible financial system , 28th president Wilson -
Congress can collect a federal income tax from the people. -
Becomes the 28th president of the U.S. and plants the National park system, Federal Reserve Act, Clayton Ant-Trust Act, 18th and 19th amendments
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Serbian Nationalist shot heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne
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Establishes the popular election of U.S. senators by the people of the states -
fighting where two sides fight each other from opposing trenches -
A war between central and allied powers due to militarism, alliance system, imperialism, nationalism.
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British ocean liner carrying Americans that was sunk off the coast of ireland bu german U-BOATS -
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uprising by the bolsheviks that destroyed the tsarist (czar) autocracy and led to the rise of communism and tthe soviet union in russia -
Message British intercepted from the german government to the mexican government offering german support if mexico declared war against the united stats and offered to return land mexico had lost to the united states -
The united states enters World War I in 1917 as an allied power.
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The last major war of World War I that stretched along the entire western front ,, known as the second deadliest war in american history. -
A peace plan to go easy on German and freedom of the seas and an open diplomacy -
Allied powers blamed germany for World War I and demanded exorbitant reparation from them -
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Probition: made the sale and consumption of alcohol illegal in the United States
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Gives the women the right to vote (women's suffrage) -
African American achievements in art and music and literature flourished -
intense fear of communism
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After WWI president harding wanted U.s. to return to isolationism and focus on economy
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President harding cabinet member accepted bribes from private oil companies to lease federal land/petroleum reserves = damaged reputation of harding administration . -
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A trial pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching bible creationism -
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