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In Congress, there were two major opposing beliefs on the inclusion of a Bill of Rights. The Federalists did not want the Bill of Rights because they felt it limited the government which they believed should be strong; whereas, the Anti-Federalists, as in their name, wanted the opposite. They wanted The Bill of Rights because they believed that the people needed to have their rights protected from an all-power central government.
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Federalists originated during George's Washington's presidency and supported a strong national government, but not all Americans believed that; as a result, the Democratic-Republican party was formed by Thomas Jefferson to counter the opposing party. The Democractic-Republicans focused more on state's rights instead of federal power.
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Jacksonian Democrats were just Democratic-Republicans who changed their name. During Andrew Jackson's presidency, these Democrats still focused on the rights of the common man challenging any sign of an all-powerful government.
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During the Lincoln's presidency, this party formed which our modern day Republicans can be traced to. They were the party reponsible for abolishing slavery.
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Because of the New Deal, the Democratic party became the majority in the U.S from the 30's until the 60's. This started when FDR was elected as President.
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Modern Republicans support the theory of supply side economics saying that lower tax rates increase economic growth. They also oppose abortion and are the main opposing rival to Modern Democrats.
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Modern Democrats form the oldest policital party in the United States who are focused on the rights of the people. They are the main opposing rival to Modern Republicans.