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Flat bottomed boats are used to set out from the coast and were made simple, either by planks or single logs. The type of wood was resistant to rot. Although not information is known it is thought these boats may have been in use from 5000 BCE, although the classical period begins at 1000 BCE.
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These grains may have first been domesticated in east Africa and grown as far back as 4000 BCE. Different kinds of millet spread across the Indian Ocean. Photo cred: https://about.spud.com/blog-millet-vs-quinoa/
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Ubar was the center for incense transports and sale. Migrants lived in limestone formations that eventually fell victim to a sinkhole. City no longer exists.
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Iron production starts in Western Asia, Southeastern Europe and North Africa. Aryan people migrate to India, and Jerusalem is made the capital by King David
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Sugarcane became a luxury and was even considered medicinal. Sugar would become more common during the next centuries as trade spread and migration spread. Photo cred: https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/sugarcane-reinvented-as-energycane-could-be-future-of-cane-industry-renewables-6241231.html
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Bananas reached Africa by 1000 BCE but they were cultivated long ago (perhaps 8000 BCE). During the classical era, bananas may have reached the Middle East, and they most certainly reached China. Photo cred: https://www.amazon.com/produce-aisle-mburring-Bananas-bunch/dp/B000NOGLY2
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Historians believe trade between Egypt and Mesopotamia declines and opens up to trade among new groups
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From 712-660 BCE, Nubia gains control of Egypt
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Pharaoh Necho hired Phoenician sailors to explore Africa, which is what probably led to them circumnavigating the African continent
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Believed to have circumnavigated the African continent and established trading colonies like Carthage, a very wealthy city. They were on top of their game when it came to trade in BCE
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Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism spread across the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia. Merchant communities contributed to the spread of these religions
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Confucius is spreading his teachings thus beginning the philosophy of his known as Confucianism Photo cred: https://www.thechairmansbao.com/introduction-to-confucius-and-teachings/
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Major empire involved in the Indian Ocean trade. Known for their Persian jewels being spread
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Greeks and Romans entered the Indian Ocean 500 BCE, as they were sent there by Darius I, the Persian ruler.
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Hanno sailed from Carthrage around the western coast of Africa. His route took him from the Straits of Gibraltar around the African coast as far down as Gabon. He established colonies along the Moroccan coast.
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A 14-line inscription is found on the Yehawmilk Stele. This is the basis of the alphabet for Western languages.
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Alexander the Great conquers western Asia. Greek culture spread throughout Europe, West Africa, and North Africa, such as the spread of Greek language and art.
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Major Indian Empire that was involved in the Classical Period, Roman coins were found in Indian treasuries
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First appeared in 200 BCE, the Silk Road was a network of overland trade routes that connected China, Central Asia, India, the Middle East and the Mediterranean
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Major empire that contributed to Indian Ocean trade during the classical era.
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The Kamal was used to indicate the distance traveled north or south and helped guide ships to port. Helpful for Arab navigators traveling along the Indian Ocean. According to Mariners' Museum, the Kamal was developed 900 CE. Photo cred: http://aliceinwords.org/2013/06/02/navigating-the-earth/
