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Period: 400 to 499
5th Century (400-499 AD)
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476
476 AD: Fall of the Western Roman Empire.
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493
493 AD: Theodoric the Great establishes the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy.
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Period: 500 to 599
6th Century (500-599 AD)
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527
527 AD: Justinian I ascends as Byzantine Emperor, later initiating major legal and architectural reforms.
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Period: 700 to 799
8th Century (700-799 AD)
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711
711 AD: The Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula begins.
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732
732 AD: Battle of Tours – Charles Martel halts the northward advance of Islamic forces.
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800
800 AD: Coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor by Pope Leo III, uniting much of Western Europe.
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Period: 800 to 899
9th Century (800-899 AD)
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843
843 AD: Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian Empire among Charlemagne’s grandsons.
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Period: 900 to 999
10th Century (900-999 AD)
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963
962 AD: Otto I is crowned Holy Roman Emperor, reinforcing the idea of a revived Western Empire.
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Period: 1000 to 1099
11th Century (1000-1099 AD)
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1054
1054 AD: The Great Schism formally splits Christianity into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches.
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1066
1066 AD: Norman Conquest of England – William the Conqueror defeats Harold II at Hastings.
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1095
1095 AD: Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.
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1099
1099 AD: Crusaders capture Jerusalem during the First Crusade.
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Period: 1100 to 1199
12th Century (1100-1199 AD)
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1122
1122 AD: Concordat of Worms resolves the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and the Holy Roman Emperor.
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1147
1147 AD: Launch of the Second Crusade.
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1187
1187 AD: Battle of Hattin – Saladin defeats Crusader forces and recaptures Jerusalem.
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1190
1190 AD: Beginning of the Third Crusade, led by figures such as Richard the Lionheart.
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Period: 1200 to 1299
13th Century (1200-1299 AD)
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1215
1215 AD: Signing of the Magna Carta in England, laying foundations for constitutional governance.
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1229
1229 AD: End of the Albigensian Crusade with the Treaty of Paris, curbing heresy in southern France.
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1241
1241 AD: Mongol forces invade Eastern Europe (e.g., Battle of Legnica), affecting European political dynamics.
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1265
1265 AD: Simon de Montfort’s Parliament in England becomes an early model of representative government.
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1274
1274 AD: Second Council of Lyons discusses Church reforms and attempts at reuniting Eastern and Western Christianity.
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Period: 1300 to 1399
14th Century (1300-1399 AD)
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1302
1302 AD: Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull Unam Sanctam, asserting papal supremacy.
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1315
1315 AD: The Great Famine begins in Europe, severely impacting population and society.
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1347
1347 AD: Outbreak of the Black Death in Europe, drastically reducing the population.
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1378
1378 AD: Beginning of the Western Schism, splitting the Catholic Church with rival popes.
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Period: 1400 to 1499
15th Century (1400-1499 AD)
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1415
1415 AD: Execution of Jan Hus at the Council of Constance, sparking early reformist movements.
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1417
1417 AD: The Western Schism comes to an end with the election of a single pope.
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1453
1453 AD: Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.
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1455
1455 AD: Gutenberg prints the first Bible, revolutionizing the spread of knowledge with movable type.
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1492
1492 AD: Christopher Columbus’s voyage leads to the European discovery of the Americas.
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1494
1494 AD: Treaty of Tordesillas divides the New World between Spain and Portugal.
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Period: 1500 to
16th Century (1500-1599 AD)
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1517
1517 AD: Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
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1521
1521 AD: The Diet of Worms condemns Martin Luther’s teachings.
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1527
1527 AD: Sack of Rome by the troops of Charles V, symbolizing the decline of papal political power.
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1534
1534 AD: Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy establishes the Church of England.
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1543
1543 AD: Copernicus publishes On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, marking a shift in scientific thought.
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1545
1545 AD: The Council of Trent commences, launching the Counter-Reformation within the Catholic Church.
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1555
1555 AD: The Peace of Augsburg establishes the principle of cuius regio, eius religio in the Holy Roman Empire.
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1588 AD: The Spanish Armada is defeated by England, altering the balance of naval power in Europe.
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Period: to
17th Century (1600-1699 AD)
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1618 AD: The Defenestration of Prague sparks the Thirty Years’ War across Central Europe.
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1642 AD: The English Civil War begins, leading to significant shifts in power and governance.
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1648 AD: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years’ War and lays the groundwork for modern state sovereignty.
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1688 AD: The Glorious Revolution in England establishes a constitutional monarchy.
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1689 AD: The English Bill of Rights is enacted, reinforcing parliamentary power and individual rights.
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Period: to
18th Century (1700-1799 AD)
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1707 AD: The Acts of Union unite England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain.
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1713 AD: The Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession, reshaping the balance of power in Europe.
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1715 AD: Death of Louis XIV marks the end of an era of absolute monarchy in France.
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1756 AD: The Seven Years’ War begins, a global conflict that reconfigures colonial empires.
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1759 AD: The Battle of the Plains of Abraham decisively influences the fate of New France in North America.
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1760 AD: The approximate beginning of the Industrial Revolution, heralding vast economic and social changes.
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1775 AD: The American Revolutionary War begins.
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1776 AD: The American Declaration of Independence is adopted. Adam Smith publishes his magnum opus ‘An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations’ .
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1783 AD: The Treaty of Paris ends the American Revolutionary War.
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1789 AD: The French Revolution begins, radically transforming French society and politics.
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1791 AD: The French National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
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1799 AD: Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power in France during the coup of 18 Brumaire.
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1799 AD: Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power in France during the coup of 18 Brumaire.
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Period: to
19th Century (1800-1821 AD)
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1804 AD: Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French.
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1805 AD: The Battle of Austerlitz results in a decisive Napoleonic victory.
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1807 AD: The British Parliament passes the Slave Trade Act, abolishing the slave trade in the British Empire.
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1810 AD: The Mexican War of Independence begins against Spanish colonial rule.
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1812 AD: Napoleon invades Russia, a campaign that ultimately weakens his army.
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1814 AD: Napoleon abdicates, and the Congress of Vienna convenes to redraw the map of Europe.
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1815 AD: The Battle of Waterloo marks Napoleon’s final defeat and ends the Napoleonic Wars.
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1821 AD: The Greek War of Independence begins; simultaneously, the Mexican War of Independence concludes
