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The most important taifas to emerge in 1031 were those of Seville, Toledo, Badajoz and Zaragoza.
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For the feudal kings, the kingdom was part of their personal estate. They therefore divided their lands as an inheritance or granted part of them as a dowry
. This influenced the development of Hispanic kingdoms, as shown in the division of the lands of Sancho III el Mayor after his death in 1035. -
Although this was the heart of Sancho’s power, it was difficult to expand towards the south. It was ruled by the kings of Aragón between 1076 and 1134.
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Alfonso VI, King of Castilla and León, took Toledo in 1085.
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The Kingdom of León, which was the oldest in the peninsula, was overtaken in importance by the Kingdom of Castilla, which was more militarily active and had greater social mobility. However, both kingdoms maintained links after the death of Fernando I and underwent periods of unity and separation throughout the 12th century.
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After the Christian conquest of the Kingdom of Toledo (1085), the taifa kings were forced to seek help from the Almoravids, Muslims that had established an empire in North Africa. Their arrival stopped the Christian advance and achieved the reunification of the Andalusian territory until the early 12th century.
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In 1118, Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre conquered Zaragoza, occupied part of the Ebro valley and reached the Iberian System.
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In 1137, the marriage of Ramón Berenguer IV, led to the union between the Catalan counties and Aragón forming the Crown of Aragón
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portugal was a county belonging to the Kingdom of León that was given as a dowry to Henry of Burgundy when he married Alfonso VI’s daughter. Their son declared it independent in 1128 and it was established as a kingdom in 1143.
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The borders of the Kingdom of Portugal extended to the banks of the Tajo after the conquest of the city of Lisbon in 1147.
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The kingdoms of León and Castilla united by the monarch Alfonso VI, had been strengthened by the conquest of Toledo. This opened up opportunities for expansion throughout the lands of the Tajo.
This expansion took place during the reign of Alfonso VII, although these kingdoms separated on his death in 1157. -
During the second half of the 12th century, the Christian kingdoms faced the Almohad invasion. The Almohads, who took advantage of the territorial fragmentation of al-Andalus, managed to unite the Andalusian territory in 1172 and established their capital in Sevilla.
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All Christian kingdoms had estate courts. The first were those of León, constituted in 1188.
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This empire hindered the expansion of the Christian kingdoms, mainly in the areas between the Tagus and Sierra Morena, until the victory of the Christians in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212.
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In 1234, a French dynasty occupies the throne of Navarre, bringing with it a series of fiefdoms located in France.
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king fernando III conquered the two great Islamic capitals, Córdoba (1236) and Sevilla (1248). In addition, he took Murcia in 1243.
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Portugal reached the southern coasts of the peninsula in 1249 with the conquest of Faro, bringing the end of its expansion.
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In 1250, there was only one Andalusian kingdom, the Kingdom of Granada, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty.
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The most significant religious clashes were the assault
on Jewish quarters and massacres of Jews in 1391. This happened in cities of the Crown of Castilla, such as Sevilla, Córdoba and Toledo, and the Crown of Aragón, such as Valencia, Mallorca and Barcelona. -
In the Crown of Aragón, King Martín I died without an heir in 1410.
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In 1412, representatives of institutions from every state in the Crown were convened to choose a new king. The resolution reached at this meeting, the Compromise of Caspe, meant that the House of Trastámara was put in place to rule Aragón.
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The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada lasted until 1492. It had a good economic situation, although it lost some territories close to the Strait of Gibraltar, such as Algeciras.