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Mahler was an Austrian composer and conductor who made important expansions to symphonies composing in a maximalist style.
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Debussy was a French impressionist credited with composing the first modern orchestral work. He led the impressionist style using non-western scales and a general sense of vagueness in his compositions.
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Strauss was a German composer known for his use of chromaticism and maximalist style in the post-romantic era. His famous works include his operas, such as Elektra (1903), and his tone poems, Don Juan (1889) for example.
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Schoenberg was an Austrian-American composer who heavily influenced the expressionist movement and invented the 12-Tone Method. His most notable works include Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 16 (1909), and opera Moses und Aron (1930).
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Ravel was a French impressionist composer credited with composing the first impressionist piano piece. His best-known work is his orchestral piece Belero (1928).
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Stravinsky was a prolific Russian composer known for his many styles and use of complex rhythm, dissonance, and colorful instrumentation. His most well-known piece is The Rite of Spring (1913).
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French
Led by Debussy, musical impressionism can be characterized by having a general sense of vagueness. In practice, composers used unresolved 7ths, 9ths, and dissonances as well as parallel movement. Instrumental tone and color gained importance. -
German-speaking areas
Led by Strauss and Mahler, maximalism can be characterized by extreme chromaticism, extreme use of themes and motivic complexity, thick textures, and large ensembles sizes. -
In the Post-Romantic era, odd orchestration or extreme ensembles sizes were common. Harmonically, expectations for resolutions weren't always met leaving dissonances intentionally unresolved along with the use of non-western scales, polyrhythms, and polytonality. Vague tempo, meter, and harmony are common in this period as well.
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Willis Carrier -
Orville and Wilbur Wright -
German-speaking areas
Led by Schoenberg, expressionism focused on freeing music from tonality (atonality) and chord progression rules. -
Ballet composed by Igor Stravinsky -
The war between the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) and the Allies (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States)
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Maurice Ravel -
The 12-Tone Method was developed by Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg.