-
john rolfe=tobacco
pocahontas -
-
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henry hudson
peter minuit "$24 myth" -
colony governed themselves
John Winthrop
City upoon a hill
families moved there = permanency -
-
one of most violent espisodes of natives vs settlers
-
Thomas Hooker argued with Winthrop over church membership
Hooker left and led group to Connecticut River Valley -
puritan Roger Williams = dissenter
critical of mistreatment of Indians and involvement of Church in gov
state had separation of church and state -
critical of Puritan religion
was excommunicated frm new england -
George Calvert
refuge for Catholics -
Matin Luther
John Calvin -
-
defined colonies as sppliers of materials to Britain and a market for britain's goods
-
allowed for partial church membership for children of church members
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recruited slave-owning English settlers from Barbados
splits into 2 -
Wampanoags
-
Nathaniel Bacon led backcountry people
gov. william berkely refused to offer help in fighting natives
went into Jamestown and burned houses
Bacon soo died and rebellion was put down
Started using slaves for laborers -
spanish outlawed peublo religious practices
Peublo people ended up gainingg rights -
Willian Penn
Quaker Colony
quakers believed in equality -
ruled by sir edmund andros
royal officials revoked the charters of all colonies north of Maryland
blow to Pratin movement
ended in 1689 due to influence of glorious revolution -
pariament invited the dutch William of orange and his wife mary to become England's monarchs
empowered parliament
ended absolute monarchy in England -
-
18th century
scots-irish
had left difficult economic conditions
mainly went to penn. -
God is the clockmaker
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scots-irish moved past Appalachians (later known as west virginia)
-
Jonathan Edwards delivered sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
George Whitefield-most well-known Geat Awakening preache
main thing was that anyone could be saved for the afterlife -
buffer state
james Oglethorpe hoped to establish colony for ppor, did work out -
precedent for freedom of the press
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most famous slave rebellion of colonial period
20 slaves -
ends 1763
results in end of salutary neglect -
can't settle past Appalachians
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spin own Louisianna Territory and was afraid that Americans would move there so tey closed off the Mississippi river to American shipping
-
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imposed additional taxes on colonists
-
death of 5 men including African American Crispus Attucks
-
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a result of Boston Tea Party
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"the shot heard round the world"
-
colonists want peace but britain rejects this
-
published by Thomas Paine
opens Americans' eyes -
1st phase: In New England
2nd phase:Middle Colonies
3rd phase: South -
-
General Conrwallis surrenders at Yorktown
-
written at same time as declaration but was ratified a while later
government didn't have much pwer -
Britain regognizes u.s and granted it al land south of Canada and north of Florida
-
called for dividing west into 10 states with guarantee of self-government Land Ordinance Act of 1785 called for area to be surveyed and divided into lots
-
set up a proess in which areas could become teritories then states
-
occured in Massachussetts
farmers didn't like government actions and their petitions were rejected
led by Daniel Shays
local militias didn't stop it
eventually gov and legislature took action
made people realize how weak the articles were -
dept of state= thomas jeff
dept of war=henry knox
treasury=Alexander Hamilton
attorny general=edmund randolph
chief justice-john jay established presidential cabinet -
Bill of rights was added 1790 written by james madison
required 9 states
delaware=first t ratify in 1787 -
Samuel Slater was building the first factories in the 90s
Most famous factories were built along the Merrimak River in Lowell, Massachusetts starting in1821
Women were usually hired (daughters of New England farmers) -
Hamilton's idea justified by elastic clause
jefferson had argued that states had no right -
single most costly battle in the history of wars with natives
-
urged u.s to avoid permnent alliances
decided not to get involved with French Revolution -
increase in cotton= increase in slavery
lead to King Cotton -
hamilton place an excise tax on whiskey which upsetted farmers who wanted to rebel
washington, remembering shay's rebellion, quickly sent troops to handle the situation establishing federal authority -
natives defeated by americans
-
stupid Jay, ended up coming back with a teaty that was favorable towards the British
-
spain agreed to allow for American shipping on mississippi
this treaty was motivated by apparent "friendship" between britain and u.s due to Jay's Treaty -
emergence of 2 political parties Federalists(hamilton) vs republicans(jefferson) John Adams vs Jefferson adams became pez and jefferson became vp
-
french were interfering and seizing American ships
Adams sent negotiators to paris who were stopped by 3 agents (xyz) and informed that they needed to pay first
this angered Americans -
ended 1800
unofficial war between u.s and france -
acts were passed by Federalist-dominated gov
Alien act made it difficult for immigrants to achieve citizenship
Sedition act made it a crime to defame president or congress -
jefferson and james madison were opposed to the alien and sedition acts and they proposed that states had the right to nullify laws
-
Jefferson is president
ran against john adams and tied with his running mate aaron burs
Hamilton helped him win -
many ministers wrried that Americans seemed more captivated by the nation thn by God and salvation
salvation was in the hands of an individual -
jefferson bought louisianna purchase from napoleon for $15 million, he violated his view of a strict interpretation of constitution
-
Tripoli demanded fees from u.s for them to not invade their ships
-
british were impressing on american seamen and this situation reached a crisis when Britain ship leopard fired on the American ship cheasapeake.
-
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James Madison (writer of bill of rights) wins
-
replaced embargo act
was unpopular
no trading with britain or france -
william Henry Harrison,gov of indiana Territory negotiated with indians
-
said that if one nataion left the american ships alone, America would cut off trade with the enemy, Napoleon lied and caused america to cut off trade with Britain
-
harrison wages war against Tecumseh's confederation=victory
-
completed in 1853
also known as Cumberland road -
Trade conflicts and pressure fo War Hawks pushed Madison to declare war on Britain
lasted 2.5 years
one incident involved the british burning washington dc
u.s acheived a major victory in New Orlean in early 1815 by Andrew Jackson who didn't realize that a peace treaty had
already been signed
war increased nationalism
francis scott key wrote his song
damaged reputation of federalist party who met up in Hartford convention (seen as unpatriotic) -
ended war of 1812
conditions went back to prewar status
greivances weren't addressed -
Lasted until 1825
-
Henry Clay proposed a plan to help America grow economically
Congress rechartered bank of u.s and passed a protective triff -
new patterns of prodction, distribution, and cnsmption
-
republican candidate James Monroe easily won
-
contracts should be upheld
-
helped to maintain balance of free and slave states
divided remaining area of the territory at 36 30 north latitude -
President Monroe issued a statement warning European nations to keep their hands off the Americas
-
occured during election of 1824
John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay
there was a tie
Clay urged his allies in the house to support Adams
Adams then announced Clay as secretary of state which angered jackson supporters. -
connected Hudson river in upstate New York to Great Lakes
-
Jackson wins due to backwoods populist appeal
considered to be first modern election -
to differentiate American language from britain's
American dictionary of the english language -
First tracks laid by Baltimore and Ohio railroad
-
written by African American David Walker
-
Jackson pushed for this act to handle the problems with natives
Cherokee filed in court nd the court ruled that they should't be subject to this act -
Chrch of Latter-Day Saint founded by Joseph Smith
controversial
allowed men to have multiple wives -
goal was to limit or even ban production, sale, and consumptionof alcohol
especially popular among women
accompanied by nativism, people believed immigrants drank a lot more -
William Lloyd Garrison=wanted immediate emancipation
some people wanted gradual
advocated sending freed slaves to Africa
Frederick Douglas=prominent figure in antislavery movement -
Jackson etoes a recharter for the bank and took actions to get rid of the bank by moving federal deposits from the Bank of the U.S to state banks
-
end of Era of good feelings
Jacksonians=Democrats
oppenents=whigs -
began in 1801 and ended 1835
Marbury v. Madison= establishes judicial review
Cohens v. Virginia(1821)=affirmed right of Supreme Court to take appeals from state courts
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) =fed power > state power
Gibbons v. Odgens= gov regulate interstate commerce
Darthmouth v. Woodward(1819) and Fletcher v. Peck (1810) =court intervened in econ transactions to assert validity of contracts -
mandated that gov-held land be sold only for hard currency
both this and the destruction of the 2nd bank led to the Panic of 1837 -
Martin van Buren (democrat) wins
Whigs had an odd strategy and had 4 candidates run thinking they could tie the election-it didn't work -
Stephen Austin had been leading Americans from South to Texas (they had ben settling there since 20s)
unfortunately, texans ignored Mexican law unde President General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana
Rebelled and 200 died at Alamo
Unfortunately presidents blocked texas's annexation
rebels eventually won under leasership of General Sam Houston establishing the independent Lone Star Republic in 1836 -
800 banks closed or suspended operations
had to do with jackson closing 2nd bank
unemployment went past %10
Van Buren proposes creting an independent treasury -
thousands of chreokee deaths
-
William Henry Harrison (whig) won
Heroe of indian wars
nicknamed "Tippecanoe" -
Harrison died a month after being elected
John Tyler, vp, replaced him
He turned out to only be whig in name, was a former democrat and vetoed bills that the Whig-dominated Congress sent -
movement to improve treatment for mentally ill
one of main organisor = Dorothea Dix---->lead to creation of first generation of asylum is u.s -
Horace Mann=one of most vocal advocators
people believed education would improve democrtic society -
critical of materialist direction u.s was taking
Henry David Thoreau= wrote Civil Disobedience
Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote On Self-Reliance -
3rd party
said constitution was essentially an antislavery document and that u.s should live up to ideals contained in document -
slavery is positive for slaves
Bible contains slavery
northern factory system is the same thing -
Invented by Samuel Morse
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James K. Polk (democrat) advocated Texas annexation and to resole a border dispute with Great Britain over Oregan
he please both north and south
won election
Texas was annexed in 1844 -
God's plan that America shoudl move west
-
ended 1848
border dispute over texas
1848=treaty of Guadalupe -
currently canadian border
Dispute was "54 40' or fight"
over organ country border
Polk administrtion reached a compromise with Great Britain -
often considered birth of women's rights movementchallenged cultural and legal restricitions on women
orgnized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stantion
issued a Declaration of Sentiments modeled after Declaration of Independence -
borde disputes over texan border
ended 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo=mexico gave up claims to disputed territory in Mexico and agreed to sell provinces in Califonia and New Mexico fo $15million -
Zachary Taylor won ( whig) one of heroes of Mexican war
Free-Soil party was founded by anti-slavery men -
gold was discovered at sutter's mill in 1848
49ers -
Lewis Cass proposed that people f a state should choose if they want th state to be slave or free
-
called for california to be admitted as a free state
more stringent fugitive slave law
and allowing New Mexico and Utah to decide their staus based on popular sovereignty
put forth measures as omnibus bill
were eventually passed independent of one another -
upset and alarmed northerners
-
emerged in 1840s but acheived electoral success in 1850s
opposition to immigratiion
political wing of a growin nti-Catholic, anti-Irish nativist movement -
written by Harrite Beecher Stowe
gained support for anti-slavery movement -
won by Democrat Franklin Pierce
authorized Gadsden Purchse in 1853 -
-
wanted to purchase cuba from spain
-
made of many different factions
adopted position that slavery should not be allowed to spread to new territories -
Senator Stephen Douglas wanted first transcontinental railroad to have a more northern route
act called for organizing Louisianna Purchase into Kansas and Nebraska because railroads could only be built on organized territory
allowed for states to chose if they would allow slavery or not based on popular sovereignty despit the Missouri Compromise (1820)
angered northerners
caused party realignment -
elections were held for terrotorial legislature
proslvery Missourians came over and cast votes=Lecompton Constitution
this angered antislavery Kansans who chose own shadow legislature=wrote Topeka Constitution
John Brown initiated massecre of proslavery men near Pottawatomie Creek
state went into violent period
question of slavery wasnt resolved until 1861 (kansas joined union as a free state) -
end of Democrat-Whig two-party system
republican party emerged as a major party
James Buchanan( democrat) won because he had southern sympathies -
In Senate, Charles Sumner gave antislavery speech "Crimes Against Kansas"
Preston Brookes was offended by speech (cuz it negatively talked about his uncle) and he brutally beat Sumner with a cane -
slave=property
invalidated Missouri Compromise of 1820
no African Americans were entitled to citizenship -
John Brown planned to take over an armory in Harper's ferry to distribiute weapons to slaves
unsuccessful and Brown was tried and executed in 1859
Southerners believed that all northerners were like this -
reflected fractued nature of America
Democratic Stephen Douglas v. Republican Lincoln
Lincoln had already gained popularity by debating against Douglas running for the senate in 1858, he lost in senate
Lincoln indicated he wouldnt tamper with existing slavery but promised to block its expansion
LINCOLN WON! -
7 southern states seceded before Lincoln's inauguration (Jefferson Davis=leader)
He didn't tolerate this but he didn't want to start war
Cofederates bombarded Fort Sumter
war was started -
there was another one in 1862
allowed for seizure and confiscation of slaves during war -
VP took over when Lincoln was assassinated, continued with Lincolns approach to reconstruction
-
war was never officially declared
Union thought they could easily win -
union realized victory wasn't as easily attainable
South continued to hold advantage until 1862 -
160 acres for movin west
-
federal gov provided states with federal land to build public colleges
-
ordered freeing of all slaves in rebel-held territory as of January 1,1863
didnt include slaves in the Union
confederate didn't listen so no slaves were atually freed but the war was now full on addressing issue of slaves -
allowed for arrest without due process of rebels and traitors
-
if 10% southern voters took an oath of allegiance to u.s and promise to abide by emancipation, the stae could establish a new gov and send reps to Congress lincoln vetoes the Wade-davis bill in 1864 which contained stricter standards Lincoln wanted to reunite the country, but was assasinated
-
people were angry that rich could get out of drafts for $300
-
Lincoln finally settled on grant after going through many other officers
Battle of Gettysburg (1863)=turning point in war
victory at vicksburg mississippi allowed Union to gain control of mississippi cutting Confederacy in half -
Southern General Robert E. Lee finally surrendered to genral grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia 1865
-
terrorized African Americans who spoke out against not being involved in politics
-
said all people born in u.s were citizens and allowed for equal protection under the law undid the Dred Scott decision
-
divided south into 5 military districts, areas could only rejoin only if they guaranteed african americans basic rights
-
House charged johnson with violating the Tenure of Office Act and the whole impeachment procedure rendered johnson powerless to stop Congress's Reconstruction plan
-
late 1860s landowners allowed tenants to use land in return for share of crops produced on land very similar to slave system cuz African Americans were still tied down to the land
-
administrationas president was tainted with corruption
-
factions of republican party
Mugwumps=reform minded republicans
Stalwarts= most resistant to abandoning spoils system
Half-breeds= loyal to republican leadership but wanting some degree of reform -
guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public accomondations act was poorly enforced
-
close election
COMPROMISE OF 1877
allowed republicn hayes to win presidency and in return, republicans agreed to end reconstruction -
people stopped caring as much
IN the 1876 election, Democrats would let the Republicans hae the white house (Rutherford B. Hayes as president) if the Republicans would end reconstruction -
became more prevalent in 1896 with the case of Plessy v. Ferguson when court accepted segragation as constitutional Jim crow laws= separate but equal
-
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad had announced a 10% pay cut for its workers involved over 100000 people and troops had to be called in
-
party advocated issuing paper oney not backed by silver or gold
mainly farmers -
late 1800s
big industries= railroad, steel, and oil
Andrew Carnegie( steel industry)= vertical integration
John D. Rockefeller( oil industry)=horizontal integration -
Reps nominated James A. Garfiled for prez and he won but was shot 4 months after his inauguration in 1881
-
replaced Grfiled
signed Pendleton Act into law
looked into lowering tariffs -
set up a merit-bsed federal civil service
awarded gov jobs on basis of competitive exam -
began to push for lower tariff rates
signed INterstate Commerce Commission into law -
republican candidate= James Blaine (half-bree leader)
Democrats- grover cleveland won election -
strickers rallying on May 4 in Haymarket Square
bomb exploded killling several police
Knights of Labor were hard hit from the incident -
The Grange=farmer's organization that pushed for state laws to protect farming interests Granger laws=regulated railroad freight rates and made certain abusive practices illegal
-
gov created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1887 = regulating railroads Sherman Antitrust At was passed in 1890 to break up trusts both were ineffective
-
Republican party nominated president Benjamin Harrison who beat cleveland
in 1890, Harrison signed into law the highest tariff in the nation' history
in 1890, He signed the Sherman Anti-trust Act -
democrat Grover Cleveland returned to white house because voters were upset of the high tariff
-
wanted to move away from a gold standard and again allow for the "free and unlimited coinage" of silver
gained political support
perhaps the most successful 3rd party in 19th century but popularity was short-lived -
Carnegie was determinged to break a union under the American Federtion of Labor by not renewing contract
He left temporarily and left the factory under the control of Henry Clay Frick who lokced out the workers and brought in scabs
Battle ensued and workers won temporary victory until the government took control and Frick ws able to reopen plant -
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad went bankrupt follwoed by other railroads and banks
millions of unemployed workers
money supply in gilded age did not have the ability to grow as the economy expanded
Congress only allowed for gold to be coined in 1873
amount of gold being coined couldn't keep up with growing eonomy -
laid-off workers marched from Ohio through pennsylvania and into washington d.c to demand gov take action to address the economic crisis
-
Pullman (railroad) company had a town for workers
would pull rent out of workers' paychecks
wages were cut in 1893 but rents weren't
soon most workers were on strike and railroad traffic was brought to a standstill
Prez Cleveland called for federal troops to put down strike resulting in 25 deaths
ended in defeat for the Union -
resulted in demise of populist party nd established the identity of the major political parties in the 20th century Democrat candidate WillianJennings Bryan advocated for the free and unlimited coinage of silver (fr this reason, he had the Populist Party's support) -----famous for his "cross of gold" speech in which he promised not to let AMerican people be cruxified on a cross of gold
Republican candidate WIlliam McKinley advocated the gold standard
McKinley won and the populist party fell -
Andrew Carnegie advocated the idea that wealthy entreprenuers should distribute their wealth so it could be used for good rather than be wasted