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Supervision as Inspection
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Period: to
History of Supervision
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Payne publishes first book on supervision
Thomas Payne stated that all teachers must be held accountable for all actions in the classroom. -
Greenwood's supervisory methods
Greenwood bases his the role of a superviosr on intuition rather than scientific knowledge or research. -
Balliet insiists there are only two types of teachers.
Balliet was a superintendent in Massachusetts and he determined that there were only two types of teachers: efficient and inefficient. -
Supervision as Social Efficiency
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Frederick Winslow Taylor publishes The Principles of Scientific Management
Taylor's work emphasized that "the main purpose of management was to promote the efficiency of the worker" (Sullivan, 2009). -
Franklin Bobbitt propoesd using scientific methods for supervision
Bobbitt proposed that the use of scientific methods for supervision, but was met with opposition because he likened the education system to that of a factory. Although he was met with criticism, schools adopted this method of scientific method to evaluate teachers. -
Hosic's definition of democratic supervision
Hosic states that teachers don’t really understand what democracy is. He recognizes teachers as intelligent and capable and should not be supervised in an autocratic manner (Burton, 1922). -
Democracy in Supervision
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Newlon's "Reorganizing City School Supervision"
Newlon emphasized tha tteachers must work with supervisors to create the courses. -
Dewey's Scientific Pricinples
Dewey's thougths on using scientific pricinples in supervision of educaiton gained momentum. -
Burton recognizes teachers as part of the process.
Burton pushes for teachers to be part of the superviosry process. -
Romiett Stevens use of stenographic reports
Stevens creates stenographic reports, to document exactly what happens in a classroom. -
Scientific Supervision
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A.S. Barr
Barr clarified scientific method by stating that supervisors should have a goal for teachers and a method for evaluation. Standards must be measurable. -
Supervision as Leadership
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Robert Leeper
Leeper wrote and was later clarified by Harris that supervisors must inspire teachers to improve and new leadership roles for teachers must be developed to adapt to the complexity of education (Sullivan, 2009). -
Goldhammer proposed clinical supervision
Goldhammer proposes that improvements in teaching are the result of a formal realtionship between teachers and supervisors that is based on a set structure. -
Clinical Supervision
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Morris Cogan
Cogan proposes the formal system of "pre-observation conference, observation and post-observation" (Sullivan, 2009). -
Changing Concepts Model of Supervision
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Glikman "Supervision in Transition"
Glickman seeks to change the tone of supervision in education by changing the jargon. Supervision and supervisors change to instrucitonal leadership and instructional leader, respectively. -
Sergiovanni identifies democratic supervision as professional and moral
Sangiovanni sets the tone for the treatment of teachers as professionals. -
Standards Based Supevision
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No Child Left Behind
George W. Bush initiates No Child Left Behind, which includes standardized testing as a criteria for teacher evaluation. -
Race to the Top
Barack Obama's initaitive to reward those schools who are showing creative ways to increase student achievement with funding. Increases teacher accountability.