The three revolutionary processes

  • Portugal and Spain

    The liberal revolutions aimed to establish constitutional monarchies.
  • Greece

    Greece gained the independence from the Turkish Ottoman Empire through a liberal and nationalist revolution.
  • France

    A liberal revolution established a constitutional monarchy.
  • Belgium

    Following a nationalist revolution, Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands, to which it had been united by the Congress of Vienna.
  • France

    The revolution led to the proclamation of the Second Republic and the establishment of universal manhood suffrage.
  • Austria, German Confederation

    Radical revolutions demanded democratic reforms. Most of them failed.

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