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Known as the French and Indian War
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Put end to the Seven Years War
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To raise money for the defense of the colonies.
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9 colonies met in NY in opposition to the Stamp Act
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A confrontation between British soldiers and people from the mob.
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A group of Massachusetts' colonists boarded British merchant ships in Boston and threw 342 cases of tea into the sea.
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A group of colonial leaders came together in Philadelphia to oppose what they saw as British oppression.
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It started in the village of Lexington between British soldiers and Minutemen.
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Written by Thomas Jefferson who also named the colonies the United States of America.
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After months of being close to losing the war, the American army trapped British soldiers and sent them back to England.
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Benjamin Franklin asked Louis XVI (king of France) to sign an alliance with them.
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Britain officially recognized its former colonies as an independent nation.
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The first problem that faced the new US was how to join together these little countries into one united nation which was causing them serious problems.
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In order to survive each state sent delegates to this meeting in Philadelphia to talk about changes in the Articles of Confederation.
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George Washington was elected as the first President of the United States.
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This is the name that received ten amendments about the rights and freedoms of individual citizens which were added to The Constitution.
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John Adams appointed John Marshall as the new head of the Supreme Court.
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Between 1803 and 1815 Britain and France were at war. Britains stopped American ships and seized their cargoes and also took seamen off and forced them to serve in the British navy.
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Louisiana belonged to France which ruler was Napoleon who was about to go war and needed money so he sold Louisiana to the US.
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This expedition was led by Lewis and Clark. The explorers set off up Missouri by boat, carrying goods to trade with Amerindians along the way.
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British navy soon gained complete control of the coastal waters of US and blocked American ports.
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Despite US and Britain signed a treaty, two weeks later, British forces attacked the city of New Orleans.
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It was decided that slavery would be permitted in Missouri and Arkansas but banned in lands to the west and north of Missouri.
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As land was becoming scarcer, the US government passed a law that said all Indians living east of the Mississippi River would be moved west to a place called Indian Territory.
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The Cherokees were driven from their home (between the state of Georgia and the Mississippi River) and forced to march hundreds of miles to what is now the state of Oklahoma. (4000 Amerindians were dead).
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In 1836 Texas became independent from Mexico and in 1845 it was annexed to the US.
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Between 1846 and 1848 the US and Mexico were at war.
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Mexican territories were annexed (California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico and Colorado).
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A group of workmen discovered gold in California. In the next 20 years, gold discoveries attract people to Nevada, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming and the Dakota Country.
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Congress decided that California was admitted to the US as a free state and people in Utah and New Mexico could decide whether to own slaves or not.
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It made it easier for southerners to capture slaves who had escaped from their masters. The law called for severe penalties to those who assisted these black people. Slave owners offered rewards (“bounties”) for the return of runaway slaves. This lead to the emergence of “bounty hunters”, who made their living by hunting down fugitive slaves.
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Congress ended the Missouri Compromise and let Kansas decide whether to own slaves or not. A race for the control of Kansas began: there was so much killing and violence that the state started to be called “bleeding Kansas”. Neither side won the struggle.
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▸ 1861. Confederate forces opened fire in Fort Sumter, South Carolina, which was occupied by United States (the Union)’s troops.
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Republican, anti-slavery
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Eleven southern states announced that they were now an independent nation: The Confederate States of America. Confederacy: Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Mississippi, Virginia, Texas, Tennessee, Oklahoma, along with the provisional governments of Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri
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The Union captured New Orleans (Louisiana)1862
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. It was passed by Lincoln and declared that all slaves living in the Confederacy were to make free. This changed the focus of the war from secession to protecting slavery.
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It offered free farms in the West to families of settlers. They had to move and live on it for 5 years and the land became thiers.
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I was given by Lincoln, became more famous than the battle because it expressed certain principles of the democratic government.
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Pennsylvania, but found the Union blocking their way. Union forces won and the Confederacy would never recover from this defeat. This was the biggest battle ever fought in the US.
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The Union marched into Georgia, and occupied Savannah. Then they marched to North and South Carolina, burning and destroying everything they encountered in the way. They wanted to reach Richmond, Virginia (the Confederacy’s capital).
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It abolished slavery
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The Confederacy surrendered in Appomattox
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President Lincoln was assassinated in Washington. He was succeeded by Andrew Johnson, his vice president.
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Despite opposition from the President. It also set up the Freedmen’s Bureau. Both were intended to ensure black people’s rights in the South.
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This placed all-white governments in the South under military rule. They would be able to elect their government again only if they accepted the 14th Amendment.
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It gave blacks the right to citizenships, including the right to vote. All former Confederates except Tennessee refused to accept it. The 14th Amendment was the foundation of the 1950s’ Civil Rights Movement
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It declared that large areas within the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains belonged to the Sioux.
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The Central Pacific and the Union Pacific lines met at Promontory Point in Utah.
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All southern states had “Reconstruction” governments. Most were made up of blacks, some northerners and some southerners.
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American soldiers found gold in the Black Hills, sacred to the Sioux. The Sioux refused to sell the Black Hills, but the government ignored them, broke the treaty and allowed prospectors and miners to enter the Black Hills.
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Congress withdrew federal troops from the South. Black people were more and more treated as “second class citizens” and robbed of their right to vote.
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The Great Plains had been divided into states and territories, occupied by farmers, ranchers and shepherds.
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Texas cattle owners hired drovers or cowboys to drive their cattle to the railroads. By 1881, the grass of the Great Plains was earning the US as much money as the gold mines of its western mountains.
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From this year and so on, the industries of the US were bigger and more important than the farmlands.
