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It was a cultural movement in Europe between the XIV and XVI centuries that changed the mentality with the expansion of humanism and developed capitalism, which improved production. At this time the first universities appeared as well as more scientific knowledge. Some important scientific innovations were the compass and the printing press. The works of art that the Renaissance brought were patronized by the upper social classes, such as the ''Mona Lisa''. Was denominated as renaissance in XIX.
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It was one of the first cathedrals of Renaissance Gothic architecture considered as a masterpiece. It is one of the tallest Christian cathedrals, which is 114 meters high and which features of a dome with 100 metres long. It is located in Florence, Italy and it consists of a cathedral where many important philosophers such as Machiavelli and Galileo were buried. Filippo Brunelleschi was the main architect of this cathedral along with other architects like Arnolfo di Cambio or Emilio De Fabris. -
It is a round marble sculptural group made by the architect Michelangelo Buonarroti between the years 1498 and 1499 that is located in the Vatican City, in the crucifix chapel of St. Peter's Basilica. It means Pity or Compassion, and represents the pain of the Virgin Mary when she holds the corpse of her son Jesus in her arms when he descends from the cross. Its dimensions are 1.74 by 1.95 metres. -
It is one of the most known fresco paintings by artist Rafael Francio that represents great mathematicians, philosophers and scientists of antiquity together sharing ideas and learning from each other, establishing a contrast between religious and secular beliefs. This painting was made with the purpose of decorating with frescoes the rooms that today are known as Raphael's rooms, located in the Apostolic Palace of Vatican City. -
Carlos I was king of Spain with his mother and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was son of Juana I de Castilla and Felipe I el Hermoso and grandson of the Catholic kings. Became king of Castille after the death of his grandfather. His reign is characterized by constant bankruptcies due to multiple wars, always due to the hegemony of his empire and Religion. Charles I carried out the last attempt to maintain the unity of Europe around Catholic Christianity. He finally died on 1558.
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It was a rebellion against the government of Charles V and his administration. It was an armed uprising led by the commoners of the cities of the Castilian interior, with Toledo and Valladolid at the head of the uprising. They wanted to change the history of Spain. Their intention was to win and appoint a king of Spain who was Spanish or, at least, who adapted to the characteristics they wanted, but they were defeated in The Battle of Tordesillas.
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It was a treaty signed by Ferdinand I of Habsburg, in representation of his brother the Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and the Schmalkadic League, which was a league of Protestant princes and cities of the Holy German Empire. This treaty finally accepted the existence of two Christian churches and established that each prince and ruler could choose the religion of its territory. These were Catholicism or Lutheranism, which was formulated in the Augsburg Confession of 1530. -
Was a member of the Habsburg dynasty. He served as king of the Spanish from 1556 to 1598 and as king of the Portuguese, as Felipe I from 1580 to 1598. He was the son and heir of Charles I of Spain and Isabel of Portugal. His reign is based on the victory in the Battle of Lepanto, the annexation of Portugal to the Spanish monarchy, the crisis in Flanders, the rebellion of the Moriscos in the Alpujarras, the Bankruptcies, economic difficulties and fiscal problems,
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The Alpujarras rebellion was a conflict that occurred in Spain during the reign of Felipe II between the hispanic monarchy and the rebels moriscos in which the abundant population of Moriscos of the Kingdom of Granada took up arms in protest against the Pragmatic Sanction of 1567, which limited their cultural freedoms. Due to the severity and intensity of its fighting, it is also known as the War of the Alpujarras.
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Was a war that confronted the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands against their sovereign Felipe II of Spain. What in the Spanish perspective was the uprising of a group of heretical rebels, the Dutch perspective was the justified fight against a tyrant sovereign who did not respect their freedoms and ancient privileges. It began in 1568, and ended in 1648 with the recognition of the independence of the seven United Provinces, today known as the Netherlands after the Peace of Westphalia.
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It was an international agreement carried out by Alejandro Farnesio, known as Duque de Parma who was governor of the Spanish Netherlands and between representatives of the County of Hainaut, the County of Artois and some cities of Arras. In this agreement, some provinces in the south of the Netherlands recognized the sovereignty of the Catholic king Felipe II.This agreement formally ended the state of war that had existed between these entities during the Eighty Years' War. -
It was an agreement signed by the seven provinces of the north of the Netherlands with the purpose of continuing to besiege Spain in the Eighty Years' War. It is considered the origin of the Republic of the United Provinces, although it was not officially recognized until the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The document includes the right of each province to maintain its traditions, the military union of all of them and freedom of religious worship. -
It occurred in the context of the Anglo-Spanish War to which the British referred to Spanish army as the 'Invincible Armada'. The Spanish monarch Felipe II planned to invade and conquer England by sending an armada of 130 ships, but it failed due to the bad weather conditions as storms that the ships suffered arriving in Scotland and the constant English attacks. The Queen of England Isabel I gain a victory, but the war extended on for 16 years until it ended with the Treaty of London in 1604. -
An architectural style in the 17th and part of the 18th centuries in Western Europe and in the Latin American colonies that opposed the Renaissance with the pessimism and asymmetry of its works. This art aimed to impress the people by reflecting passions and causing internal movement. This style was represented in literature, music, painting and many other types of artistic fields. Some influential architects in this style were Pietro da Cortona, Gian Lorenzo Bernini or Alfonso Cano Almansas.
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It is a sculpture that of real size of the baroque style which measures 170 centimeters and is composed of a marble sculptural group. The artist, Bernini, made this sculpture with a sculptural group full of sensuality and movement. It is a representation of the myth of Dafne and Apolo, in which the heartbreak between them is represented because Apollo received an arrow of love from Eros and Daphne of heartbreak. This sculpture is located in Italy, in the Borghese gallery. -
St. Peter's Square is the square in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome. The square uses baroque architecture and is dedicated to the homonymous saint. The design of the square symbolizes the Pope crowned with the tiara and with open arms welcoming Christianity. It is the meeting place for thousands of faithful Catholics from all over the world. The artist created an authentic “sacred theater”, intended as an extension of the temple to the city. -
The Spinners is one of Velázquez's best paintings, which consists of baroque art with the oil painting technique. Velázquez here uses reduced ranges, an almost a monochrome palette, in thin and diluted layers of paint to claim the painter's expertise over the value of the pigments. The painting represents The Rape of Europa inspired by some mythological fables that the Italian painter Titian painted for Felipe II. The painting is in Madrid, in the Museo Nacional del Prado. -
It was a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, theater, music, literature and architecture that was inspired by the art and culture of classical antiquity. Johan Joachim Winckelmann was the main theorist of this type of art.
It originated in France in the XVIII, where it was simply called classicism. From there it reached the rest of Europe and America.
It replaced Baroque because opposed the idea the ornamental and overloaded aesthetics of the Baroque movement. -
It is a painting painted before the French Revolution by Jacques-Louis David considered as the paradigm of neoclassical painting. It is used oil paint on canvas and is a very representative theme of the neoclassical art that deals with civic virtue and heroism, which takes precedence over feeling and pain, although it represents the Roman salute, with the arm extended and the palm down. The painting has a dimension of 330 x 425 cm and it is found in the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. -
It is a collective portrait painted by Goya during the period of transition between neoclassicism and romanticism. It is used various techniques such as fresco and oil on canvas. The painting represents the royal family in the central part, highlighting King Charles IV accompanied by the little infant Francisco de Paula and Queen María Luisa of Parma who covers the figure of the infant María Isabel with her right arm. The painting is in the Museum Nacional del Prado, in Madrid.