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The dome is an absolute masterpiece of art,enchanting the world since the moment of its creation: the symbol of Florence,of Renaissance culture,and of all Western humanism.
The dome was built between 1420 and 1436 to a plan by Filippo Brunelleschi, and is still the largest masonry vault in the world. Such a structure had been planned since the 1300s,but the admirable innovation of Brunelleschi was to create it without reinforcements in wood, since none could have sustained a cupola of this size. -
Renaissance,period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations.
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The theme of Piety has always been represented in a stormy manner in the face of the situation involving the Virgin Mary and her son Jesus. However, Michelangelo goes further and creates a Pietà depicting harmony, beauty and balance, leaving aside excessive pain. We are set in 1498 in Rome,at the height of the Renaissance. Cardinal Saint Denis commissions the Florentine sculptor, Michelangelo,to create a Pietà. -
The School of Athens (Italian: Scuola di Atene) is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael. The fresco was painted between 1509 and 1511 as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. It depicts a congregation of philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists from Ancient Greece, including Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, Archimedes, Heraclitus and Zarathustr the Iranian prophet. -
The Monarchy in its different conceptions and modes, has been the prevalent form of government or the institution holding the utmost political power in Spain and its adjacent territories throughout history. Hence the political and institutional history of Spain, like that of other European countries, is, in part, the history of its Monarchy and its kings and queens. Dating back to mythical kingdoms in antiquity, such as Tartessos in the south of the mainland.
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The War of the Communities of Castile was the armed uprising of the so-called commoners, which occurred in the Crown of Castile from 1520 to 1522, that is, at the beginning of the reign of Charles I. The protagonist cities were those in the interior of the Meseta Central, with Segovia, Toledo and Valladolid at the head of the uprising. Its character has been the subject of agitated historiographic debate, with contradictory positions and approaches.
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The Peace of Augsburg,also called the Augsburg Settlement,was a treaty between Charles V,Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League,signed on 25 September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg.It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Holy Roman Empire,allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official confession of their state. -
Philip II, (born May 21, 1527, Valladolid, Spain—died September 13, 1598, El Escorial), king of the Spaniards (1556–98) and king of the Portuguese (as Philip I, 1580–98), champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation. During his reign the Spanish empire attained its greatest power, extent, and influence, though he failed to suppress the revolt of the Netherlands (beginning in 1566) and lost the “Invincible Armada” in the attempted invasion of England (1588).
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The second rebellion of the Alpujarras, sometimes called the War of the Alpujarras or the Morisco Revolt, was the second such revolt against the Castilian Crown in the mountainous Alpujarra region and on the Granada Altiplano region, northeast of the city of Granada. The rebels were Moriscos, the nominally Catholic descendants of the Mudéjares (Muslims under Castilian rule) following the first rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501).
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Eighty Years’ War, (1568–1648), the war of Netherlands independence from Spain, which led to the separation of the northern and southern Netherlands and to the formation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (the Dutch Republic). The first phase of the war began with two unsuccessful invasions of the provinces by mercenary armies under Prince William I of Orange (1568 and 1572) and foreign-based raids by the Geuzen, the irregular Dutch land and sea forces.
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The Union of Arras (Dutch: Unie van Atrecht, French: Union d'Arras, Spanish: Unión de Arrás) was an alliance between the County of Artois, the County of Hainaut and the city of Douai in the Habsburg Netherlands in early 1579 during the Eighty Years' War. -
The Union of Utrecht (1579) was signed by the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands in league against Spain; the treaty established a military league to resist the Spaniards and served as the foundation of the Dutch Republic and later kingdom. -
At midnight on August 7–8 (July 28–29), the English launched eight fire ships before the wind and tide into the Spanish fleet, forcing the Spanish ships to cut or slip their cables (thus losing their anchors) and stand out to sea to avoid catching fire. -
Baroque art and architecture, the visual arts and building design and construction produced during the era in the history of Western art that roughly coincides with the17th century.The earliest manifestations, which occurred in Italy,date from the latter decades of the 16th century,while in some regions,notably Germany and colonial South America,certain culminating achievements of Baroque did not occur until the18th century.The work that distinguishes the Baroque period is stylistically complex.
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Apollo and Daphne is a sculpture made by the Italian Gian Lorenzo Bernini between 1622 and 1625.12 It belongs to the Baroque style. It is a life-size marble sculpture group exhibited in the Borghese Gallery (Rome). -
Saint Peter's Square (Latin: Forum Sancti Petri, Italian: Piazza San Pietro is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave in Rome, directly west of the neighborhood of Borgo. Both the square and the basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus whom Catholics consider to be the first Pope. At the centre of the square is an ancient Egyptian obelisk, erected at the current site in 1586. . -
The spinners is a painting by the Spanish painter Diego Velázquez,in the Prado Museum in Madrid, Spain.It is also known by the title The Fable of Arachne. Most scholars consider it a late work by the artist, dating from 1657-58,but some maintain that it was made 1644-48.Velázquez scholar Jonathan Brown writes that Las Hilanderas and Las Meninas are possibly Velázquez's "two best paintings" these are the largest and most complicated compositions executed between 1640 and 1660. -
Neoclassical art,a widespread and influential movement in painting and the other visual arts that began in the1760s,reached its height in the1780s and’90s, and lasted until the1840sand’50s.In painting it generally took the form of an emphasis on austere linear design in the depiction of Classical themes and subject matter,using archaeologically correct settings and clothing. Neoclassicism in the arts is an aesthetic attitude based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity,which invokes harmony.
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In 1774,David won the Prix de Rome with his work Érasistrate découvrant la cause de la Maladie d'Antiochius. This allowed him to stay five years(1775-1780)in Rome as a student of the French government. Upon his return to Paris he exhibited his work, which Diderot greatly admired.The success was so resounding that King Louis XVI of France allowed it to remain in the Louvre,a privilege highly desired by artists.There he met Pecoul,the contractor for the royal buildings. -
CharlesIV of Spain and His Family is an oil-on-canvas group portrait painting by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya. He began work on the painting in 1800,shortly after he became First Chamber Painter to the royal family, and completed it in the summer of 1801.The portrait features life-sized depictions of Charles IV of Spain and his family,ostentatiously dressed in fine costume and jewelry. Foremost in the painting are Charles IV and his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma,who are surrounded by children.