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The treaty came as a result of both political agitation and guerrilla warfare by the Irish Republican movement.
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A truce was arranged between British and Irish republican forces.
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The president of the republic, Eamon de Valera and two of his ministers resigned in protest of the treaty.
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Collins began to build a new national army from pro-treaty IRA units.
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The IRA called a convention and the majority repudiated the right of Dail to dissolve the Republic.
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The pro-treaty troops opened fire on the Courts with artillery from the British.
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Anti-Treaty strongholds in Cork and Kerry were taken by sea in a series of landings.